Issue 12, 2024

PACS numbers

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01.00.00 Communication, education, history, and philosophy

01.10.−m Announcements, news, and organizational activities
01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards
01.10.Fv Conferences, lectures, and institutes
01.10.Hx Physics organizational activities
01.30.−y Physics literature and publications
01.30.Bb Publications of lectures (advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.)
01.30.Cc Conference proceedings
01.30.Ee Monographs and collections
01.30.Kj Handbooks, dictionaries, tables, and data compilations
01.30.M− Textbooks
01.30.Mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
01.30.Os Books of general interest to physics teachers
01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters
01.30.Tt Bibliographies
01.30.Vv Book reviews
01.30.Ww Editorials
01.30.mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
01.40.−d Education
01.40.Di Course design and evaluation
01.40.E− Science in school
01.40.Ha Learning theory and science teaching
01.40.gb Teaching methods and strategies
01.40.gf Theory of testing and techniques
01.50.−i Educational aids
01.50.Fr Audio and visual aids, films
01.50.H− Computers in education
01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus
01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
01.50.Qb Laboratory course design, organization, and evaluation
01.50.ht Instructional computer use
01.52.+r National and international laboratory facilities
01.55.+b General physics
01.60.+q Biographies, tributes, personal notes, and obituaries
01.65.+g History of science
01.70.+w Philosophy of science
01.75.+m Science and society
01.78.+p Science and government (funding, politics, etc.)
01.90.+g Other topics of general interest

02.00.00 Mathematical methods in physics

02.10.−v Logic, set theory, and algebra
02.10.Ox Combinatorics; graph theory
02.10.Ud Linear algebra
02.10.Yn Matrix theory
02.20.−a Group theory
02.20.Qs General properties, structure, and representation of Lie groups
02.20.Sv Lie algebras of Lie groups
02.20.Uw Quantum groups
02.30.−f Function theory, analysis
02.30.Em Potential theory
02.30.Gp Special functions
02.30.Hq Ordinary differential equations
02.30.Ik Integrable systems
02.30.Jr Partial differential equations
02.30.Mv Approximations and expansions
02.30.Nw Fourier analysis
02.30.Px Abstract harmonic analysis
02.30.Rz Integral equations
02.30.Tb Operator theory
02.30.Uu Integral transforms
02.30.Yy Control theory
02.30.Zz Inverse problems
02.40.−k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology
02.40.Dr Euclidean and projective geometries
02.40.Hw Classical differential geometry
02.40.Ky Riemannian geometries
02.40.Pc General topology
02.40.Re Algebraic topology
02.40.Sf Manifolds and cell complexes
02.40.Vh Global analysis and analysis on manifolds
02.40.Xx Singularity theory
02.50.−r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics
02.50.Cw Probability theory
02.50.Ey Stochastic processes
02.50.Fz Stochastic analysis
02.50.Ga Markov processes
02.50.Ng Distribution theory and Monte Carlo studies
02.60.−x Numerical approximation and analysis
02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations
02.60.Ed Interpolation; curve fitting
02.70.−c Computational techniques; simulations
02.70.Jn Collocation methods
02.70.Ns Molecular dynamics and particle methods
02.70.Rr General statistical methods
02.70.Ss Quantum Monte Carlo methods
02.70.Uu Applications of Monte Carlo methods
02.90.+p Other topics in mathematical methods in physics

03.00.00 Quantum mechanics, field theories, and special relativity

03.30.+p Special relativity
03.50.−z Classical field theories
03.50.De Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell equations
03.50.Kk Other special classical field theories
03.65.−w Quantum mechanics
03.65.Ca Formalism
03.65.Db Functional analytical methods
03.65.Fd Algebraic methods
03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states
03.65.Nk Scattering theory
03.65.Pm Relativistic wave equations
03.65.Sq Semiclassical theories and applications
03.65.Ta Foundations of quantum mechanics; measurement theory
03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality
03.65.Vf Phases: geometric; dynamic or topological
03.65.Xp Tunneling, traversal time, quantum Zeno dynamics
03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods
03.67.−a Quantum information
03.67.Ac Quantum algorithms, protocols, and simulations
03.67.Bg Entanglement production and manipulation
03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography and communication security
03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations
03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields
03.75.−b Matter waves
03.75.Be Atom and neutron optics
03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry
03.75.Hh Static properties of condensates; thermodynamical, statistical, and structural properties
03.75.Kk Dynamic properties of condensates; collective and hydrodynamic excitations, superfluid flow
03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons, vortices, and topological excitations
03.75.Nt Other Bose-Einstein condensation phenomena
03.75.Ss Degenerate Fermi gases

04.00.00 General relativity and gravitation

04.20.−q Classical general relativity
04.20.Cv Fundamental problems and general formalism
04.20.Dw Singularities and cosmic censorship
04.20.Fy Canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variational principles
04.20.Gz Spacetime topology, causal structure, spinor structure
04.20.Jb Exact solutions
04.25.Nx Post-Newtonian approximation; perturbation theory; related approximations
04.25.dg Numerical studies of black holes and black-hole binaries
04.30.−w Gravitational waves
04.30.Db Wave generation and sources
04.30.Nk Wave propagation and interactions
04.30.Tv Gravitational-wave astrophysics
04.40.−b Self-gravitating systems; continuous media and classical fields in curved spacetime
04.40.Dg Relativistic stars: structure, stability, and oscillations
04.50.+h Gravity in more than four dimensions, Kaluza-Klein theory, unified field theories; alternative theories of gravity
04.50.−h Higher-dimensional gravity and other theories of gravity
04.50.Gh Higher-dimensional black holes, black strings, and related objects
04.50.Kd Modified theories of gravity
04.60.−m Quantum gravity
04.60.Bc Phenomenology of quantum gravity
04.60.Ds Canonical quantization
04.60.Gw Covariant and sum-over-histories quantization
04.62.+v Quantum fields in curved spacetime
04.65.+e Supergravity
04.70.−s Physics of black holes
04.70.Bw Classical black holes
04.70.Dy Quantum aspects of black holes, evaporation, thermodynamics
04.80.−y Experimental studies of gravity
04.80.Cc Experimental tests of gravitational theories
04.80.Nn Gravitational wave detectors and experiments

05.00.00 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems

05.10.Cc Renormalization group methods
05.10.Gg Stochastic analysis methods (Fokker-Planck, Langevin, etc.)
05.10.Ln Monte Carlo methods
05.20.−y Classical statistical mechanics
05.20.Dd Kinetic theory
05.20.Gg Classical ensemble theory
05.20.Jj Statistical mechanics of classical fluids
05.30.−d Quantum statistical mechanics
05.30.Ch Quantum ensemble theory
05.30.Fk Fermion systems and electron gas
05.30.Jp Boson systems
05.40.−a Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, noise, and Brownian motion
05.40.Ca Noise
05.40.Fb Random walks and Levy flights
05.40.Jc Brownian motion
05.45.−a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos
05.45.Ac Low-dimensional chaos
05.45.Df Fractals
05.45.Mt Quantum chaos; semiclassical methods
05.45.Ra Coupled map lattices
05.45.Tp Time series analysis
05.45.Xt Synchronization; coupled oscillators
05.45.Yv Solitons
05.50.+q Lattice theory and statistics
05.60.−k Transport processes
05.60.Gg Quantum transport
05.65.+b Self-organized systems
05.70.−a Thermodynamics
05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state
05.70.Fh Phase transitions: general studies
05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics
05.70.Np Interface and surface thermodynamics
05.90.+m Other topics in statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems

06.00.00 Metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures

06.20.−f Metrology
06.20.Dk Measurement and error theory
06.20.Fn Units and standards
06.20.Jr Determination of fundamental constants
06.20.fb Standards and calibration
06.30.−k Measurements common to several branches of physics and astronomy
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)
06.30.Dr Mass and density
06.30.Ft Time and frequency
06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)

07.00.00 Instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy

07.05.−t Computers in experimental physics
07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities
07.05.Fb Design of experiments
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence
07.05.Tp Computer modeling and simulation
07.05.Wr Computer interfaces
07.07.−a General equipment
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.
07.07.Mp Transducers
07.10.−h Mechanical instruments and equipment
07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque
07.20.−n Thermal instruments and apparatus
07.20.Dt Thermometers
07.20.Hy Furnaces; heaters
07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
07.20.Pe Heat engines; heat pumps; heat pipes
07.30.−t Vacuum apparatus
07.30.Cy Vacuum pumps
07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
07.50.−e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components
07.50.Qx Signal processing electronics
07.55.−w Magnetic instruments and components
07.55.Db Generation of magnetic fields; magnets
07.55.Ge Magnetometers for magnetic field measurements
07.55.Jg Magnetometers for susceptibility, magnetic moment, and magnetization measurements
07.57.−c Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments and equipment
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.60.−j Optical instruments and equipment
07.60.Dq Photometers, radiometers, and colorimeters
07.60.Hv Refractometers and reflectometers
07.60.Ly Interferometers
07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
07.60.Vg Fiber-optic instruments
07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
07.75.+h Mass spectrometers
07.77.−n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
07.77.Gx Atomic and molecular beam sources and detectors
07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors
07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers
07.79.−v Scanning probe microscopes and components
07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes
07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
07.81.+a Electron and ion spectrometers
07.85.−m X- and γ-ray instruments
07.85.Fv X- and γ-ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors
07.85.Nc X-ray and γ-ray spectrometers
07.85.Qe Synchrotron radiation instrumentation
07.85.Tt X-ray microscopes
07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components
07.89.+b Environmental effects on instruments
07.90.+c Other topics in instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy

11.00.00 General theory of fields and particles

11.10.−z Field theory
11.10.Cd Axiomatic approach
11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach
11.10.Gh Renormalization
11.10.Hi Renormalization group evolution of parameters
11.10.Jj Asymptotic problems and properties
11.10.Kk Field theories in dimensions other than four
11.10.Lm Nonlinear or nonlocal theories and models
11.10.St Bound and unstable states; Bethe-Salpeter equations
11.10.Wx Finite-temperature field theory
11.15.−q Gauge field theories
11.15.Bt General properties of perturbation theory
11.15.Ex Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries
11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory
11.15.Kc Classical and semiclassical techniques
11.15.Pg Expansions for large numbers of components (e.g., 1/Nc expansions)
11.15.Yc Chern-Simons gauge theory
11.25.−w Strings and branes
11.25.Db Properties of perturbation theory
11.25.Hf Conformal field theory, algebraic structures
11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models
11.25.Wx String and brane phenomenology
11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture
11.30.−j Symmetry and conservation laws
11.30.Cp Lorentz and Poincaré invariance
11.30.Er Charge conjugation, parity, time reversal, and other discrete symmetries
11.30.Fs Global symmetries (e.g., baryon number, lepton number)
11.30.Ly Other internal and higher symmetries
11.30.Na Nonlinear and dynamical symmetries (spectrum-generating symmetries)
11.30.Pb Supersymmetry
11.30.Qc Spontaneous and radiative symmetry breaking
11.30.Rd Chiral symmetries
11.40.Ex Formal properties of current algebras
11.40.Ha Partially conserved axial-vector currents
11.55.−m S-matrix theory; analytic structure of amplitudes
11.55.Bq Analytic properties of S matrix
11.55.Fv Dispersion relations
11.55.Hx Sum rules
11.55.Jy Regge formalism
11.80.−m Relativistic scattering theory
11.80.Cr Kinematical properties (helicity and invariant amplitudes, kinematic singularities, etc.)
11.80.Et Partial-wave analysis
11.80.Jy Many-body scattering and Faddeev equation
11.90.+t Other topics in general theory of fields and particles

12.00.00 Specific theories and interaction models; particle systematics

12.10.−g Unified field theories and models
12.10.Dm Unified theories and models of strong and electroweak interactions
12.10.Kt Unification of couplings; mass relations
12.15.−y Electroweak interactions
12.15.Ff Quark and lepton masses and mixing
12.15.Lk Electroweak radiative corrections
12.15.Mm Neutral currents
12.20.−m Quantum electrodynamics
12.20.Ds Specific calculations
12.20.Fv Experimental tests
12.38.−t Quantum chromodynamics
12.38.Aw General properties of QCD (dynamics, confinement, etc.)
12.38.Bx Perturbative calculations
12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations
12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma
12.38.Qk Experimental tests
12.39.−x Phenomenological quark models
12.39.Ba Bag model
12.39.Dc Skyrmions
12.39.Fe Chiral Lagrangians
12.39.Jh Nonrelativistic quark model
12.39.Mk Glueball and nonstandard multi-quark/gluon states
12.39.Pn Potential models
12.40.−y Other models for strong interactions
12.40.Ee Statistical models
12.40.Nn Regge theory, duality, absorptive/optical models
12.40.Yx Hadron mass models and calculations
12.60.−i Models beyond the standard model
12.90.+b Miscellaneous theoretical ideas and models

13.00.00 Specific reactions and phenomenology

13.15.+g Neutrino interactions
13.20.−v Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays of mesons
13.20.Cz Decays of π mesons
13.20.Eb Decays of K mesons
13.20.Gd Decays of J/ψ, Υ, and other quarkonia
13.20.He Decays of bottom mesons
13.20.Jf Decays of other mesons
13.25.Cq Decays of π mesons
13.25.Es Decays of K mesons
13.25.Ft Decays of charmed mesons
13.25.Gv Decays of J/ψ, Υ, and other quarkonia
13.25.Hw Decays of bottom mesons
13.25.Jx Decays of other mesons
13.30.−a Decays of baryons
13.30.Ce Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays
13.30.Eg Hadronic decays
13.35.−r Decays of leptons
13.35.Bv Decays of muons
13.40.−f Electromagnetic processes and properties
13.40.Em Electric and magnetic moments
13.40.Gp Electromagnetic form factors
13.40.Hq Electromagnetic decays
13.40.Ks Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes
13.60.−r Photon and charged-lepton interactions with hadrons
13.60.Fz Elastic and Compton scattering
13.60.Hb Total and inclusive cross sections (including deep-inelastic processes)
13.60.Le Meson production
13.60.Rj Baryon production
13.66.−a Lepton-lepton interactions
13.66.Bc Hadron production in e−e+ interactions
13.66.De Lepton production in e−e+ interactions
13.66.Jn Precision measurements in e−e+ interactions
13.75.−n Hadron-induced low- and intermediate-energy reactions and scattering
13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions
13.75.Ev Hyperon-nucleon interactions
13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions
13.75.Jz Kaon-baryon interactions
13.75.Lb Meson-meson interactions
13.85.−t Hadron-induced high- and super-high-energy interactions
13.85.Dz Elastic scattering
13.85.Fb Inelastic scattering: two-particle final states
13.85.Hd Inelastic scattering: many-particle final states
13.85.Lg Total cross sections
13.85.Ni Inclusive production with identified hadrons
13.85.Qk Inclusive production with identified leptons, photons, or other nonhadronic particles
13.85.Tp Cosmic-ray interactions
13.87.Ce Production
13.88.+e Polarization in interactions and scattering
13.90.+i Other topics in specific reactions and phenomenology of elementary particles

14.00.00 Properties of specific particles

14.20.−c Baryons
14.20.Dh Protons and neutrons
14.20.Gk Baryon resonances (S=C=B=0)
14.20.Jn Hyperons
14.20.Pt Exotic baryons
14.40.−n Mesons
14.40.Aq pi, K, and eta mesons
14.40.Cs Other mesons with S=C=0, mass < 2.5 GeV
14.40.Ev Other strange mesons
14.40.Gx Mesons with S=C=B=0, mass > 2.5 GeV (including quarkonia)
14.40.Lb Charmed mesons (|C|>0, B=0)
14.40.Nd Bottom mesons (|B|>0)
14.60.−z Leptons
14.60.Cd Electrons (including positrons)
14.60.Ef Muons
14.60.Fg Taus
14.60.Lm Ordinary neutrinos
14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing
14.60.St Non-standard-model neutrinos, right-handed neutrinos, etc.
14.65.−q Quarks
14.65.Dw Charmed quarks
14.65.Fy Bottom quarks
14.65.Ha Top quarks
14.70.Bh Photons
14.70.Dj Gluons
14.70.Fm W bosons
14.70.Hp Z bosons
14.80.−j Other particles (including hypothetical)
14.80.Cp Non-standard-model Higgs bosons
14.80.Hv Magnetic monopoles
14.80.Ly Supersymmetric partners of known particles
14.80.Mz Axions and other Nambu-Goldstone bosons (Majorons, familons, etc.)
14.80.Nb Neutralinos and charginos

21.00.00 Nuclear structure

21.10.−k Properties of nuclei; nuclear energy levels
21.10.Dr Binding energies and masses
21.10.Ft Charge distribution
21.10.Gv Nucleon distributions and halo features
21.10.Hw Spin, parity, and isobaric spin
21.10.Jx Spectroscopic factors and asymptotic normalization coefficients
21.10.Ky Electromagnetic moments
21.10.Ma Level density
21.10.Pc Single-particle levels and strength functions
21.10.Re Collective levels
21.10.Tg Lifetimes, widths
21.30.−x Nuclear forces
21.30.Fe Forces in hadronic systems and effective interactions
21.45.+v Few-body systems
21.45.−v Few-body systems
21.60.−n Nuclear structure models and methods
21.60.Cs Shell model
21.60.Ev Collective models
21.60.Fw Models based on group theory
21.60.Gx Cluster models
21.65.+f Nuclear matter
21.80.+a Hypernuclei
21.90.+f Other topics in nuclear structure

23.00.00 Radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy

23.20.−g Electromagnetic transitions
23.20.En Angular distribution and correlation measurements
23.20.Js Multipole matrix elements
23.20.Lv γ transitions and level energies
23.20.Nx Internal conversion and extranuclear effects (including Auger electrons and internal bremsstrahlung)
23.40.−s β decay; double β decay; electron and muon capture
23.40.Bw Weak-interaction and lepton
23.40.Hc Relation with nuclear matrix elements and nuclear structure
23.50.+z Decay by proton emission
23.60.+e α decay
23.90.+w Other topics in radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy

24.00.00 Nuclear reactions: general

24.10.−i Nuclear reaction models and methods
24.10.Cn Many-body theory
24.10.Ht Optical and diffraction models
24.10.Nz Hydrodynamic models
24.10.Pa Thermal and statistical models
24.30.Cz Giant resonances
24.50.+g Direct reactions
24.60.−k Statistical theory and fluctuations
24.60.Dr Statistical compound-nucleus reactions
24.60.Ky Fluctuation phenomena
24.60.Lz Chaos in nuclear systems
24.70.+s Polarization phenomena in reactions
24.75.+i General properties of fission
24.85.+p Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclear reactions

25.00.00 Nuclear reactions: specific reactions

25.20.−x Photonuclear reactions
25.20.Dc Photon absorption and scattering
25.30.−c Lepton-induced reactions
25.30.Dh Inelastic electron scattering to specific states
25.30.Mr Muon-induced reactions (including the EMC effect)
25.40.−h Nucleon-induced reactions
25.40.Cm Elastic proton scattering
25.40.Dn Elastic neutron scattering
25.40.Ep Inelastic proton scattering
25.40.Fq Inelastic neutron scattering
25.40.Hs Transfer reactions
25.40.Kv Charge-exchange reactions
25.40.Lw Radiative capture
25.45.−z 2H-induced reactions
25.45.De Elastic and inelastic scattering
25.45.Hi Transfer reactions
25.45.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
25.55.−e 3H-, 3He-, and 4He-induced reactions
25.55.Ci Elastic and inelastic scattering
25.60.Pj Fusion reactions
25.70.−z Low and intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions
25.70.De Coulomb excitation
25.70.Hi Transfer reactions
25.70.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
25.75.−q Relativistic heavy-ion collisions
25.75.Nq Quark deconfinement, quark-gluon plasma production, and phase transitions
25.80.−e Meson- and hyperon-induced reactions
25.80.Dj Pion elastic scattering
25.80.Gn Pion charge-exchange reactions
25.80.Hp Pion-induced reactions
25.80.Nv Kaon-induced reactions
25.85.−w Fission reactions
25.85.Ca Spontaneous fission
25.85.Ec Neutron-induced fission
25.85.Ge Charged-particle-induced fission
25.85.Jg Photofission

26.00.00 Nuclear astrophysics

26.30.−k Nucleosynthesis in novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments
26.35.+c Big Bang nucleosynthesis
26.40.+r Cosmic ray nucleosynthesis
26.50.+x Nuclear physics aspects of novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments
26.60.+c Nuclear matter aspects of neutron stars
26.60.−c Nuclear matter aspects of neutron stars
26.65.+t Solar neutrinos

27.00.00 Properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges

27.10.+h A ≤ 5
27.20.+n 6 ≤ A ≤ 19
27.30.+t 20 ≤ A ≤ 38
27.50.+e 59 ≤ A ≤ 89
27.60.+j 90 ≤ A ≤ 149
27.80.+w 190 ≤ A ≤ 219
27.90.+b A ≥ 220

28.00.00 Nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies

28.20.−v Neutron physics
28.20.Cz Neutron scattering
28.20.Gd Neutron transport: diffusion and moderation
28.20.Pr Neutron imaging; neutron tomography
28.41.−i Fission reactors
28.41.Ak Theory, design, and computerized simulation
28.41.Bm Fuel elements, preparation, reloading, and reprocessing
28.41.Kw Radioactive wastes, waste disposal
28.41.My Reactor control systems
28.41.Pa Moderators
28.41.Te Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling
28.50.−k Fission reactor types
28.50.Dr Research reactors
28.50.Ft Fast and breeder reactors
28.52.−s Fusion reactors
28.52.Av Theory, design, and computerized simulation
28.52.Cx Fueling, heating and ignition
28.60.+s Isotope separation and enrichment
28.70.+y Nuclear explosions
28.90.+i Other topics in nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies

29.00.00 Experimental methods and instrumentation for elementary-particle and nuclear physics

29.17.+w Electrostatic, collective, and linear accelerators
29.20.−c Accelerators
29.20.D− Cyclic accelerators and storage rings
29.20.Dh Storage rings
29.20.Fj Betatrons
29.20.Hm Cyclotrons
29.20.Lq Synchrotrons
29.20.db Storage rings and colliders
29.25.Bx Electron sources
29.25.Dz Neutron sources
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
29.25.Rm Sources of radioactive nuclei
29.27.−a Beams in particle accelerators
29.27.Ac Beam injection and extraction
29.27.Bd Beam dynamics; collective effects and instabilities
29.27.Fh Beam characteristics
29.27.Hj Polarized beams
29.30.−h Spectrometers and spectroscopic techniques
29.30.Hs Neutron spectroscopy
29.40.−n Radiation detectors
29.40.Cs Gas-filled counters: ionization chambers, proportional, and avalanche counters
29.40.Gx Tracking and position-sensitive detectors
29.40.Ka Cherenkov detectors
29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors
29.40.Rg Nuclear emulsions
29.40.Vj Calorimeters
29.40.Wk Solid-state detectors
29.50.+v Computer interfaces
29.90.+r Other topics in elementary-particle and nuclear physics experimental methods and instrumentation

31.00.00 Electronic structure of atoms and molecules: theory

31.10.+z Theory of electronic structure, electronic transitions, and chemical binding
31.15.−p Calculations and mathematical techniques in atomic and molecular physics
31.15.Bs Statistical model calculations (including Thomas-Fermi and Thomas-Fermi-Dirac models)
31.15.Ct Semi-empirical and empirical calculations (differential overlap, Huckel, PPP methods, etc.)
31.15.E− Density-functional theory
31.15.Gy Semiclassical methods
31.15.Hz Group theory
31.15.Md Perturbation theory
31.15.Ne Self-consistent-field methods
31.15.bt Statistical model calculations (including Thomas-Fermi and Thomas-Fermi-Dirac models)
31.15.xh Group-theoretical methods
31.25.−v Electron correlation calculations for atoms and molecules
31.25.Jf Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: excited states
31.25.Qm Electron correlation calculations for polyatomic molecules
31.30.Gs Hyperfine interactions and isotope effects
31.30.Jv Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in atoms and molecules
31.70.Ks Molecular solids
31.90.+s Other topics in the theory of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules

32.00.00 Atomic properties and interactions with photons

32.10.−f Properties of atoms
32.10.Bi Atomic masses, mass spectra, abundances, and isotopes
32.10.Dk Electric and magnetic moments, polarizabilities
32.10.Fn Fine and hyperfine structure
32.10.Hq Ionization potentials, electron affinities
32.30.−r Atomic spectra
32.30.Bv Radio-frequency, microwave, and infrared spectra
32.30.Dx Magnetic resonance spectra
32.30.Jc Visible and ultraviolet spectra
32.30.Rj X-ray spectra
32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching)
32.60.+i Zeeman and Stark effects
32.70.−n Intensities and shapes of atomic spectral lines
32.70.Cs Oscillator strengths, lifetimes, transition moments
32.70.Fw Absolute and relative intensities
32.70.Jz Line shapes, widths, and shifts
32.80.−t Photoionization and excitation
32.80.Bx Level crossing and optical pumping
32.80.Cy Atomic scattering, cross sections, and form factors; Compton scattering
32.80.Dz Autoionization
32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions
32.80.Gc Photodetachment of atomic negative ions
32.80.Hd Auger effect
32.80.Pj Optical cooling of atoms; trapping
32.80.Qk Coherent control of atomic interactions with photons
32.80.Rm Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states
32.80.Wr Other multiphoton processes
32.80.Ys Weak-interaction effects in atoms
32.80.Zb Autoionization
32.90.+a Other topics in atomic properties and interactions of atoms with photons

33.00.00 Molecular properties and interactions with photons

33.15.Bh General molecular conformation and symmetry; stereochemistry
33.15.Dj Interatomic distances and angles
33.15.Fm Bond strengths, dissociation energies
33.15.Hp Barrier heights (internal rotation, inversion, rotational isomerism, conformational dynamics)
33.15.Kr Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and magnetic susceptibility
33.15.Mt Rotation, vibration, and vibration-rotation constants
33.15.Pw Fine and hyperfine structure
33.15.Ry Ionization potentials, electron affinities, molecular core binding energy
33.15.Ta Mass spectra
33.20.−t Molecular spectra (see also 78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (
33.20.Bx Radio-frequency and microwave spectra
33.20.Ea Infrared spectra
33.20.Fb Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering)
33.20.Lg Ultraviolet spectra
33.20.Ni Vacuum ultraviolet spectra
33.20.Sn Rotational analysis
33.20.Tp Vibrational analysis
33.20.Vq Vibration-rotation analysis
33.20.Wr Vibronic, rovibronic, and rotation-electron-spin interactions
33.25.+k Nuclear resonance and relaxation
33.50.−j Fluorescence and phosphorescence; radiationless transitions, quenching
33.50.Dq Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra
33.50.Hv Radiationless transitions, quenching
33.55.Be Zeeman and Stark effects
33.60.Fy X-ray photoelectron spectra
33.70.Ca Oscillator and band strengths, lifetimes, transition moments, and Franck-Condon factors
33.70.Fd Absolute and relative line and band intensities
33.70.Jg Line and band widths, shapes, and shifts
33.80.−b Photon interactions with molecules
33.80.Be Level crossing and optical pumping
33.80.Eh Autoionization, photoionization, and photodetachment
33.80.Gj Diffuse spectra; predissociation, photodissociation
33.80.Rv Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states)
33.80.Wz Other multiphoton processes
33.90.+h Other topics in molecular properties and interactions with photons

34.00.00 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions

34.10.+x General theories and models of atomic and molecular collisions and interactions (including statistical theories, transition state, stochastic and trajectory models, etc.)
34.20.−b Interatomic and intermolecular potentials and forces, potential energy surfaces for collisions
34.20.Gj Intermolecular and atom-molecule potentials and forces
34.30.+h Intramolecular energy transfer; intramolecular dynamics; dynamics of van der Waals molecules
34.35.+a Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces
34.50.−s Scattering of atoms and molecules
34.50.Bw Energy loss and stopping power
34.50.Dy Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces; photon and electron emission; neutralization of ions
34.50.Fa Electronic excitation and ionization of atoms (including beam-foil excitation and ionization)
34.50.Gb Electronic excitation and ionization of molecules
34.50.Lf Chemical reactions
34.70.+e Charge transfer
34.80.−i Electron and positron scattering
34.80.Bm Elastic scattering
34.80.Dp Atomic excitation and ionization
34.80.Gs Molecular excitation and ionization
34.80.Ht Dissociation and dissociative attachment
34.80.Lx Recombination, attachment, and positronium formation
34.80.Nz Spin dependence of cross sections; polarized beam experiments

36.00.00 Exotic atoms and molecules; macromolecules; clusters

36.10.−k Exotic atoms and molecules (containing mesons, antiprotons and other unusual particles)
36.10.Dr Positronium
36.10.Gv Mesonic, hyperonic and antiprotonic atoms and molecules
36.20.−r Macromolecules and polymer molecules
36.20.Ey Conformation (statistics and dynamics)
36.20.Fz Constitution (chains and sequences)
36.20.Hb Configuration (bonds, dimensions)
36.20.Ng Vibrational and rotational structure, infrared and Raman spectra
36.40.−c Atomic and molecular clusters
36.40.Ei Phase transitions in clusters
36.40.Gk Plasma and collective effects in clusters
36.40.Mr Spectroscopy and geometrical structure of clusters
36.40.Sx Diffusion and dynamics of clusters
36.40.Vz Optical properties of clusters

37.00.00 Mechanical control of atoms, molecules, and ions

37.10.De Atom cooling methods
37.10.Ty Ion trapping

39.00.00 Instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physics

39.10.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques
39.30.+w Spectroscopic techniques
39.90.+d Other instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physics

41.00.00 Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics

41.20.−q Applied classical electromagnetism
41.20.Cv Electrostatics; Poisson and Laplace equations, boundary-value problems
41.20.Gz Magnetostatics; magnetic shielding, magnetic induction, boundary-value problems
41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
41.50.+h X-ray beams and x-ray optics
41.60.−m Radiation by moving charges
41.60.Ap Synchrotron radiation
41.60.Bq Cherenkov radiation
41.60.Cr Free-electron lasers
41.75.−i Charged-particle beams
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams
41.75.Jv Laser-driven acceleration
41.85.−p Beam optics
41.85.Ct Particle beam shaping, beam splitting
41.85.Gy Chromatic and geometrical aberrations
41.85.Lc Particle beam focusing and bending magnets, wiggler magnets, and quadrupoles
41.90.+e Other topics in electromagnetism; electron and ion optics

42.00.00 Optics

42.15.−i Geometrical optics
42.15.Dp Wave fronts and ray tracing
42.15.Fr Aberrations
42.25.−p Wave optics
42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption
42.25.Dd Wave propagation in random media
42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering
42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
42.25.Hz Interference
42.25.Ja Polarization
42.25.Kb Coherence
42.25.Lc Birefringence
42.30.−d Imaging and optical processing
42.30.Kq Fourier optics
42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions
42.30.Ms Speckle and moiré patterns
42.30.Rx Phase retrieval
42.30.Va Image forming and processing
42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
42.40.−i Holography
42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods
42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques
42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics
42.40.My Applications
42.40.Pa Volume holograms
42.50.−p Quantum optics
42.50.Ar Photon statistics and coherence theory
42.50.Ct Quantum description of interaction of light and matter; related experiments
42.50.Dv Quantum state engineering and measurements
42.50.Ex Optical implementations of quantum information processing and transfer
42.50.Fx Cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems
42.50.Gy Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and amplification of light; electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption
42.50.Hz Strong-field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems; multiphoton processes; dynamic Stark shift
42.50.Lc Quantum fluctuations, quantum noise, and quantum jumps
42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency
42.50.Nn Quantum optical phenomena in absorbing, amplifying, dispersive and conducting media; cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems
42.50.Pq Cavity quantum electrodynamics; micromasers
42.50.Wk Mechanical effects of light on material media, microstructures and particles
42.55.−f Lasers
42.55.Ah General laser theory
42.55.Ks Chemical lasers
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.55.Mv Dye lasers
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
42.55.Vc X- and γ-ray lasers
42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.55.Ye Raman lasers
42.60.−v Laser optical systems: design and operation
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.60.Gd Q-switching
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
42.60.Lh Efficiency, stability, gain, and other operational parameters
42.60.Mi Dynamical laser instabilities; noisy laser behavior
42.60.Pk Continuous operation
42.60.Rn Relaxation oscillations and long pulse operation
42.62.−b Laser applications
42.62.Be Biological and medical applications
42.62.Cf Industrial applications
42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
42.62.Fi Laser spectroscopy
42.65.−k Nonlinear optics
42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability
42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
42.65.Hw Phase conjugation; photorefractive and Kerr effects
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.65.Lm Parametric down conversion and production of entangled photons
42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.65.Sf Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities, optical chaos and complexity, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics
42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves
42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
42.66.−p Physiological optics
42.66.Ct Anatomy and optics of eye
42.68.−w Atmospheric and ocean optics
42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer
42.68.Bz Atmospheric turbulence effects
42.68.Ca Spectral absorption by atmospheric gases
42.68.Jg Effects of aerosols
42.68.Kh Effects of air pollution
42.68.Mj Scattering, polarization
42.68.Wt Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems
42.68.Xy Ocean optics
42.70.−a Optical materials
42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz
42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.70.Hj Laser materials
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media
42.70.Mp Nonlinear optical crystals
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.72.−g Optical sources and standards
42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources
42.79.−e Optical elements, devices, and systems
42.79.Ag Apertures, collimators
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
42.79.Dj Gratings
42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
42.79.Jq Acousto-optical devices
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers
42.79.Wc Optical coatings
42.81.−i Fiber optics
42.81.Bm Fabrication, cladding, and splicing
42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
42.81.Gs Birefringence, polarization
42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
42.81.Qb Fiber waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices
42.82.−m Integrated optics
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.82.Gw Other integrated-optical elements and systems

43.00.00 Acoustics

43.10.Ce Conferences, lectures, and announcements
43.10.Df Other acoustical societies and their publications, online journals, and other electronic publications
43.10.Eg Biographical, historical, and personal notes
43.10.Sv Education in acoustics, tutorial papers of interest to acoustics educators
43.20.+g General linear acoustics
43.20.Bi Mathematical theory of wave propagation
43.20.Dk Ray acoustics
43.20.El Reflection, refraction, diffraction of acoustic waves
43.20.Fn Scattering of acoustic waves
43.20.Rz Steady-state radiation from sources, impedance, radiation patterns, boundary element methods
43.25.+y Nonlinear acoustics
43.25.−x Nonlinear acoustics
43.25.Dc Nonlinear acoustics of solids
43.25.Ed Effect of nonlinearity on velocity and attenuation
43.25.Hg Interaction of intense sound waves with noise
43.25.Nm Acoustic streaming
43.25.Vt Intense sound sources
43.25.Yw Nonlinear acoustics of bubbly liquids
43.28.−g Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound
43.28.Bj Mechanisms affecting sound propagation in air, sound speed in the air
43.28.Mw Shock and blast waves, sonic boom
43.28.Py Interaction of fluid motion and sound, Doppler effect, and sound in flow ducts
43.30.+m Underwater sound
43.30.−k Underwater sound
43.30.Cq Ray propagation of sound in water
43.30.Jx Radiation from objects vibrating under water, acoustic and mechanical impedance
43.35.−c Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound
43.35.Bf Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in liquids, liquid crystals, suspensions, and emulsions
43.35.Cg Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in solids; elastic constants
43.35.Pt Surface waves in solids and liquids
43.35.Rw Magnetoacoustic effect; oscillations and resonance
43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography
43.35.Ud Thermoacoustics, high temperature acoustics, photoacoustic effect
43.35.Xd Nuclear acoustical resonance, acoustical magnetic resonance
43.35.Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques
43.35.Zc Use of ultrasonics in nondestructive testing, industrial processes, and industrial products
43.38.−p Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound
43.38.Ja Loudspeakers and horns, practical sound sources
43.38.Kb Microphones and their calibration
43.38.Zp Acoustooptic and photoacoustic transducers
43.55.−n Architectural acoustics
43.55.Dt Sound absorption in enclosures: theory and measurement; use of absorption in offices, commercial and domestic spaces
43.58.−e Acoustical measurements and instrumentation (see also specific sections for specialized instrumentation)
43.58.Kr Spectrum and frequency analyzers and filters; acoustical and electrical oscillographs; photoacoustic spectrometers; acoustical delay lines and resonators
43.58.Ls Acoustical lenses and microscopes
43.60.−c Acoustic signal processing
43.60.Vx Acoustic sensing and acquisition
43.66.−x Psychological acoustics
43.66.Lj Perceptual effects of sound
43.75.−z Music and musical instruments

44.00.00 Heat transfer

44.05.+e Analytical and numerical techniques
44.10.+i Heat conduction
44.25.+f Natural convection
44.30.+v Heat flow in porous media
44.35.+c Heat flow in multiphase systems
44.40.+a Thermal radiation
44.90.+c Other topics in heat transfer

45.00.00 Classical mechanics of discrete systems

45.05.+x General theory of classical mechanics of discrete systems
45.20.−d Formalisms in classical mechanics
45.20.D− Newtonian mechanics
45.20.dc Rotational dynamics
45.20.df Momentum conservation
45.20.dh Energy conservation
45.40.Cc Rigid body and gyroscope motion
45.50.Pk Celestial mechanics
45.50.Tn Collisions
45.70.Cc Static sandpiles; granular compaction
45.70.Mg Granular flow: mixing, segregation and stratification

46.00.00 Continuum mechanics of solids

46.40.Ff Resonance, damping, and dynamic stability

47.00.00 Fluid dynamics

47.10.+g General theory
47.10.−g General theory in fluid dynamics
47.10.A− Mathematical formulations
47.10.ab Conservation laws and constitutive relations
47.10.ad Navier-Stokes equations
47.11.−j Computational methods in fluid dynamics
47.15.−x Laminar flows
47.15.G− Low-Reynolds-number (creeping) flows
47.15.Uv Laminar jets
47.20.−k Flow instabilities
47.20.Bp Buoyancy-driven instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Benard)
47.20.Dr Surface-tension-driven instability
47.20.Ft Instability of shear flows (e.g., Kelvin-Helmholtz)
47.20.Ib Instability of boundary layers; separation
47.20.Ky Nonlinearity, bifurcation, and symmetry breaking
47.20.Qr Centrifugal instabilities (e.g., Taylor-Couette flow)
47.27.−i Turbulent flows
47.27.Ak Fundamentals
47.27.Cn Transition to turbulence
47.27.De Coherent structures
47.27.E− Turbulence simulation and modeling
47.27.Gs Isotropic turbulence; homogeneous turbulence
47.27.Jv High-Reynolds-number turbulence
47.27.Qb Turbulent diffusion
47.27.ed Dynamical systems approaches
47.27.ef Field-theoretic formulations and renormalization
47.27.er Spectral methods
47.32.−y Vortex dynamics; rotating fluids
47.32.C− Vortex dynamics
47.32.Ef Rotating and swirling flows
47.32.cd Vortex stability and breakdown
47.35.+i Hydrodynamic waves
47.35.Bb Gravity waves
47.35.De Shear waves
47.35.Fg Solitary waves
47.35.Pq Capillary waves
47.35.Rs Sound waves
47.37.+q Hydrodynamic aspects of superfluidity; quantum fluids
47.40.−x Compressible flows; shock waves
47.40.Dc General subsonic flows
47.40.Hg Transonic flows
47.40.Ki Supersonic and hypersonic flows
47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects
47.40.Rs Detonation waves
47.45.Ab Kinetic theory of gases
47.45.Gx Slip flows and accommodation
47.52.+j Chaos in fluid dynamics
47.53.+n Fractals in fluid dynamics
47.55.D− Drops and bubbles
47.55.dp Cavitation and boiling
47.55.dr Interactions with surfaces
47.55.pb Thermal convection
47.56.+r Flows through porous media
47.60.+i Flows in ducts, channels, nozzles, and conduits
47.63.Gd Swimming microorganisms
47.65.−d Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics
47.65.Md Plasma dynamos
47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows
47.70.Pq Flames; combustion
47.80.−v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics
47.80.Cb Velocity measurements
47.80.Fg Pressure and temperature measurements
47.85.Dh Hydrodynamics, hydraulics, hydrostatics
47.85.Gj Aerodynamics

51.00.00 Physics of gases

51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases
51.20.+d Viscosity, diffusion, and thermal conductivity
51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state
51.40.+p Acoustical properties
51.50.+v Electrical properties
51.70.+f Optical and dielectric properties

52.00.00 Physics of plasmas and electric discharges

52.20.−j Elementary processes in plasmas
52.20.Dq Particle orbits
52.20.Fs Electron collisions
52.20.Hv Atomic, molecular, ion, and heavy-particle collisions
52.25.−b Plasma properties
52.25.Dg Plasma kinetic equations
52.25.Fi Transport properties
52.25.Gj Fluctuation and chaos phenomena
52.25.Jm Ionization of plasmas
52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas
52.25.Mq Dielectric properties
52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.25.Tx Emission, absorption, and scattering of particles
52.25.Vy Impurities in plasmas
52.25.Xz Magnetized plasmas
52.27.Cm Multicomponent and negative-ion plasmas
52.27.Ep Electron-positron plasmas
52.27.Gr Strongly-coupled plasmas
52.27.Lw Dusty or complex plasmas; plasma crystals
52.27.Ny Relativistic plasmas
52.30.−q Plasma dynamics and flow
52.30.Cv Magnetohydrodynamics
52.35.−g Waves, oscillations, and instabilities in plasmas and intense beams
52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves (e.g., Alfven waves)
52.35.Dm Sound waves
52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves)
52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid)
52.35.Kt Drift waves
52.35.Mw Nonlinear phenomena: waves, wave propagation, and other interactions (including parametric effects, mode coupling, ponderomotive effects, etc.)
52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)
52.35.Qz Microinstabilities (ion-acoustic, two-stream, loss-cone, beam-plasma, drift, ion- or electron-cyclotron, etc.)
52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence
52.35.Sb Solitons; BGK modes
52.35.Tc Shock waves and discontinuities
52.35.We Plasma vorticity
52.38.−r Laser-plasma interactions
52.38.Bv Rayleigh scattering; stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering
52.38.Dx Laser light absorption in plasmas (collisional, parametric, etc.)
52.38.Hb Self-focussing, channeling, and filamentation in plasmas
52.38.Kd Laser-plasma acceleration of electrons and ions
52.38.Ph X-ray, γ-ray, and particle generation
52.40.−w Plasma interactions (nonlaser)
52.40.Db Electromagnetic
52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides
52.40.Hf Plasma-material interactions; boundary layer effects
52.40.Kh Plasma sheaths
52.40.Mj Particle beam interactions in plasmas
52.50.−b Plasma production and heating
52.50.Dg Plasma sources
52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression
52.50.Qt Plasma heating by radio-frequency fields; ICR, ICP, helicons
52.50.Sw Plasma heating by microwaves; ECR, LH, collisional heating
52.55.−s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium
52.55.Dy General theory and basic studies of plasma lifetime, particle and heat loss, energy balance, field structure, etc.
52.55.Ez Theta pinch
52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
52.55.Ip Spheromaks
52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors, gas dynamic traps
52.55.Lf Field-reversed configurations, rotamaks, astrons, ion rings, magnetized target fusion, and cusps
52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle effects
52.55.Rk Power exhaust; divertors
52.55.Tn Ideal and resistive MHD modes; kinetic modes
52.57.−z Laser inertial confinement
52.58.Lq Z-pinches, plasma focus, and other pinch devices
52.59.−f Intense particle beams and radiation sources
52.65.−y Plasma simulation
52.65.Ff Fokker-Planck and Vlasov equation
52.65.Kj Magnetohydrodynamic and fluid equation
52.65.Vv Perturbative methods
52.70.−m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation
52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements
52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements
52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
52.75.−d Plasma devices
52.75.Di Ion and plasma propulsion
52.75.Fk Magnetohydrodynamic generators and thermionic convertors; plasma diodes
52.77.−j Plasma applications
52.80.−s Electric discharges
52.80.Dy Low-field and Townsend discharges
52.80.Hc Glow; corona
52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning; atmospheric electricity
52.80.Pi High-frequency and RF discharges
52.80.Qj Explosions; exploding wires
52.80.Tn Other gas discharges
52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum
52.80.Wq Discharge in liquids and solids
52.90.+z Other topics in physics of plasmas and electric discharges

61.00.00 Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography

61.05.−a Techniques for structure determination
61.05.C− X-ray diffraction and scattering
61.05.F− Neutron diffraction and scattering
61.05.fg Neutron scattering (including small-angle scattering)
61.10.−i X-ray diffraction and scattering
61.10.Eq X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
61.10.Ht X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
61.10.Kw X-ray reflectometry (surfaces, interfaces, films)
61.10.Nz X-ray diffraction
61.12.−q Neutron diffraction and scattering
61.12.Bt Theories of diffraction and scattering
61.12.Ex Neutron scattering (including small-angle scattering)
61.12.Ld Neutron diffraction
61.14.−x Electron diffraction and scattering
61.14.Dc Theories of diffraction and scattering
61.14.Hg Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)
61.20.−p Structure of liquids
61.20.Gy Theory and models of liquid structure
61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure
61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; relaxation
61.20.Ne Structure of simple liquids
61.25.−f Studies of specific liquid structures
61.25.Hq Macromolecular and polymer solutions; polymer melts; swelling
61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys
61.30.−v Liquid crystals
61.30.Cz Molecular and microscopic models and theories of liquid crystal structure
61.30.Dk Continuum models and theories of liquid crystal structure
61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and other structures
61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
61.30.Hn Surface phenomena: alignment, anchoring, anchoring transitions, surface-induced layering, surface-induced ordering, wetting, prewetting transitions, and wetting transitions
61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
61.30.Mp Blue phases and other defect-phases
61.30.St Lyotropic phases
61.30.Vx Polymer liquid crystals
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
61.43.−j Disordered solids
61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation
61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
61.43.Er Other amorphous solids
61.43.Fs Glasses
61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates (including diffusion-limited aggregates)
61.44.−n Semi-periodic solids
61.44.Br Quasicrystals
61.44.Fw Incommensurate crystals
61.46.+w Nanoscale materials: clusters, nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocrystals
61.46.−w Structure of nanoscale materials
61.46.Bc Structure of clusters (e.g., metcars; not fragments of crystals; free or loosely aggregated or loosely attached to a substrate)
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
61.46.Np Structure of nanotubes (hollow nanowires)
61.48.+c Fullerenes and fullerene-related materials
61.48.−c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular structures
61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems
61.50.−f Structure of bulk crystals
61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and modeling
61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects
61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
61.50.Nw Crystal stoichiometry
61.66.−f Structure of specific crystalline solids
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
61.66.Hq Organic compounds
61.72.−y Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure
61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity, slip, creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.)
61.72.Ji Point defects (vacancies, interstitials, color centers, etc.) and defect clusters
61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
61.72.Ss Impurity concentration, distribution, and gradients
61.72.Tt Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon
61.72.Vv Doping and impurity implantation in III-V and II-VI semiconductors
61.72.Ww Doping and impurity implantation in other materials
61.72.Yx Interaction between different crystal defects; gettering effect
61.80.−x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage
61.80.Az Theory and models of radiation effects
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
61.80.Ed γ-ray effects
61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects
61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
61.80.Lj Atom and molecule irradiation effects
61.82.Bg Metals and alloys
61.82.Fk Semiconductors
61.82.Ms Insulators
61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
61.85.+p Channeling phenomena (blocking, energy loss, etc.)
61.90.+d Other topics in structure of solids and liquids; crystallography

62.00.00 Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter

62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids
62.20.−x Mechanical properties of solids
62.20.D− Elasticity
62.20.Dc Elasticity, elastic constants
62.20.Fe Deformation and plasticity
62.20.Hg Creep
62.20.Mk Fatigue, brittleness, fracture, and cracks
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
62.25.−g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems
62.25.Fg High-frequency properties, responses to resonant or transient (time-dependent) fields
62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations
62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances
62.50.+p High-pressure and shock wave effects in solids and liquids
62.50.−p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids
62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids

63.00.00 Lattice dynamics

63.20.−e Phonons in crystal lattices
63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
63.20.Kr Phonon-electron and phonon-phonon interactions
63.20.Ls Phonon interactions with other quasiparticles
63.20.Mt Phonon-defect interactions
63.20.Pw Localized modes
63.20.Ry Anharmonic lattice modes
63.20.dk First-principles theory
63.20.kd Phonon-electron interactions
63.20.kp Phonon-defect interactions
63.50.+x Vibrational states in disordered systems
63.50.−x Vibrational states in disordered systems
63.70.+h Statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations and displacive phase transitions
63.90.+t Other topics in lattice dynamics

64.00.00 Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions

64.10.+h General theory of equations of state and phase equilibria
64.30.+t Equations of state of specific substances
64.60.−i General studies of phase transitions
64.60.Ak Renormalization-group, fractal, and percolation studies of phase transitions
64.60.Cn Order-disorder transformations
64.60.Fr Equilibrium properties near critical points, critical exponents
64.60.Ht Dynamic critical phenomena
64.60.Kw Multicritical points
64.60.My Metastable phases
64.60.Qb Nucleation
64.60.ae Renormalization-group theory
64.70.−p Specific phase transitions
64.70.D− Solid-liquid transitions
64.70.Dv Solid-liquid transitions
64.70.Fx Liquid-vapor transitions
64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions
64.70.Ja Liquid-liquid transitions
64.70.K− Solid-solid transitions
64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions
64.70.Md Transitions in liquid crystals
64.70.P− Glass transitions of specific systems
64.70.Pf Glass transitions
64.70.Rh Commensurate-incommensurate transitions
64.70.Tg Quantum phase transitions
64.75.+g Solubility, segregation, and mixing; phase separation

65.00.00 Thermal properties of condensed matter

65.20.+w Thermal properties of liquids: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
65.40.−b Thermal properties of crystalline solids
65.40.Ba Heat capacity
65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects
65.40.Gr Entropy and other thermodynamical quantities
65.60.+a Thermal properties of amorphous solids and glasses: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
65.80.+n Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, and nanotubes
65.80.Ck Thermal properties of graphene

66.00.00 Nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter

66.10.Cb Diffusion and thermal diffusion
66.10.Ed Ionic conduction
66.20.+d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
66.20.−d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
66.20.Cy Theory and modeling of viscosity and rheological properties, including computer simulation
66.30.−h Diffusion in solids
66.30.Dn Theory of diffusion and ionic conduction in solids
66.30.Fq Self-diffusion in metals, semimetals, and alloys
66.30.Hs Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals
66.30.Jt Diffusion of impurities
66.30.Lw Diffusion of other defects
66.70.+f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves

67.00.00 Quantum fluids and solids

67.20.+k Quantum effects on the structure and dynamics of nondegenerate fluids (e.g., normal phase liquid ⁴He)
67.30.H− Superfluid phase of 3He
67.30.er Magnetic properties, NMR
67.40.−w Boson degeneracy and superfluidity of ⁴He
67.40.Bz Phenomenology and two-fluid models
67.40.Fd Dynamics of relaxation phenomena
67.40.Hf Hydrodynamics in specific geometries, flow in narrow channels
67.40.Jg Ions in liquid ⁴He
67.40.Kh Thermodynamic properties
67.40.Mj First sound
67.40.Pm Transport processes, second and other sounds, and thermal counterflow; Kapitza resistance
67.40.Vs Vortices and turbulence
67.55.−s Normal phase of liquid ³He
67.55.Cx Thermodynamic properties
67.55.Fa Hydrodynamics
67.55.Hc Transport properties
67.57.−z Superfluid phase of liquid ³He
67.57.Bc Thermodynamic properties
67.57.De Superflow and hydrodynamics
67.57.Fg Textures and vortices
67.57.Hi Transport properties
67.57.Jj Collective modes
67.57.Lm Spin dynamics
67.60.−g Mixtures of 3He and 4He
67.60.Dm HeI-³He
67.70.+n Films (including physical adsorption)
67.80.−s Quantum solids
67.80.Cx Structure, lattice dynamics, and sound propagation
67.80.Gb Thermal properties
67.80.Jd Magnetic properties and nuclear magnetic resonance
67.80.Mg Defects, impurities, and diffusion
67.85.−d Ultracold gases, trapped gases
67.90.+z Other topics in quantum fluids and solids

68.00.00 Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and nanosystems (structure and nonelectronic properties)

68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
68.03.Fg Evaporation and condensation of liquids
68.03.Hj Liquid surface structure: measurements and simulations
68.05.−n Liquid-liquid interfaces
68.08.−p Liquid-solid interfaces
68.15.+e Liquid thin films
68.18.Fg Liquid thin film structure: measurements and simulations
68.18.Jk Phase transitions in liquid thin films
68.35.−p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces: structure and energetics
68.35.Bs Structure of clean surfaces (reconstruction)
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
68.35.Ja Surface and interface dynamics and vibrations
68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies
68.35.Np Adhesion
68.35.Rh Phase transitions and critical phenomena
68.37.−d Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films
68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
68.37.Vj Field emission and field-ion microscopy
68.37.Yz X-ray microscopy
68.43.−h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces
68.43.Fg Adsorbate structure (binding sites, geometry)
68.43.Jk Diffusion of adsorbates, kinetics of coarsening and aggregation
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
68.47.De Metallic surfaces
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
68.47.Pe Langmuir-Blodgett films on solids; polymers on surfaces; biological molecules on surfaces
68.49.Jk Electron scattering from surfaces
68.49.Sf Ion scattering from surfaces (charge transfer, sputtering, SIMS)
68.49.Uv X-ray standing waves
68.55.A− Nucleation and growth
68.55.Jk Structure and morphology; thickness; crystalline orientation and texture
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.
68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
68.65.−k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
68.65.Ac Multilayers
68.65.Cd Superlattices
68.65.Pq Graphene films
68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties)
68.90.+g Other topics in structure, and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and interfaces; thin films and low-dimensional structures

71.00.00 Electronic structure of bulk materials

71.10.−w Theories and models of many-electron systems
71.10.Ay Fermi-liquid theory and other phenomenological models
71.10.Ca Electron gas, Fermi gas
71.10.Fd Lattice fermion models (Hubbard model, etc.)
71.15.−m Methods of electronic structure calculations
71.15.Ap Basis sets (LCAO, plane-wave, APW, etc.) and related methodology (scattering methods, ASA, linearized methods, etc.)
71.15.Dx Computational methodology (Brillouin zone sampling, iterative diagonalization, pseudopotential construction)
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections
71.15.Nc Total energy and cohesive energy calculations
71.18.+y Fermi surface: calculations and measurements; effective mass, g factor
71.20.−b Electron density of states and band structure of crystalline solids
71.20.Be Transition metals and alloys
71.20.Dg Alkali and alkaline earth metals
71.20.Eh Rare earth metals and alloys
71.20.Gj Other metals and alloys
71.20.Mq Elemental semiconductors
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
71.20.Ps Other inorganic compounds
71.20.Rv Polymers and organic compounds
71.23.−k Electronic structure of disordered solids
71.23.An Theories and models; localized states
71.23.Cq Amorphous semiconductors, metallic glasses, glasses
71.23.Ft Quasicrystals
71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions
71.28.+d Narrow-band systems; intermediate-valence solids
71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
71.35.−y Excitons and related phenomena
71.35.Aa Frenkel excitons and self-trapped excitons
71.35.Cc Intrinsic properties of excitons; optical absorption spectra
71.35.Ee Electron-hole drops and electron-hole plasma
71.35.Ji Excitons in magnetic fields; magnetoexcitons
71.35.Lk Collective effects (Bose effects, phase space filling, and excitonic phase transitions)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
71.38.−k Polarons and electron-phonon interactions
71.38.Ht Self-trapped or small polarons
71.38.Mx Bipolarons
71.45.−d Collective effects
71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic response functions, plasmons
71.45.Lr Charge-density-wave systems
71.55.−i Impurity and defect levels
71.55.Ak Metals, semimetals, and alloys
71.55.Cn Elemental semiconductors
71.55.Gs II-VI semiconductors
71.55.Ht Other nonmetals
71.55.Jv Disordered structures; amorphous and glassy solids
71.60.+z Positron states
71.70.−d Level splitting and interactions
71.70.Ch Crystal and ligand fields
71.70.Di Landau levels
71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect
71.70.Gm Exchange interactions
71.70.Jp Nuclear states and interactions
71.90.+q Other topics in electronic structure

72.00.00 Electronic transport in condensed matter

72.10.−d Theory of electronic transport; scattering mechanisms
72.10.Bg General formulation of transport theory
72.10.Di Scattering by phonons, magnons, and other nonlocalized excitations
72.10.Fk Scattering by point defects, dislocations, surfaces, and other imperfections (including Kondo effect)
72.15.−v Electronic conduction in metals and alloys
72.15.Cz Electrical and thermal conduction in amorphous and liquid metals and alloys
72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys
72.15.Gd Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
72.15.Jf Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
72.15.Lh Relaxation times and mean free paths
72.15.Qm Scattering mechanisms and Kondo effect
72.15.Rn Localization effects (Anderson or weak localization)
72.20.−i Conductivity phenomena in semiconductors and insulators
72.20.Dp General theory, scattering mechanisms
72.20.Ee Mobility edges; hopping transport
72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
72.20.My Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
72.20.Pa Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
72.25.−b Spin polarized transport
72.25.Ba Spin polarized transport in metals
72.25.Dc Spin polarized transport in semiconductors
72.25.Hg Electrical injection of spin polarized carriers
72.25.Pn Current-driven spin pumping
72.30.+q High-frequency effects; plasma effects
72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
72.50.+b Acoustoelectric effects
72.55.+s Magnetoacoustic effects
72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions
72.70.+m Noise processes and phenomena
72.80.−r Conductivity of specific materials
72.80.Cw Elemental semiconductors
72.80.Ey III-V and II-VI semiconductors
72.80.Jc Other crystalline inorganic semiconductors
72.80.Le Polymers; organic compounds (including organic semiconductors)
72.80.Ng Disordered solids
72.80.Ph Liquid semiconductors
72.80.Rj Fullerenes and related materials
72.80.Tm Composite materials
72.80.Vp Electronic transport in graphene
72.90.+y Other topics in electronic transport in condensed matter

73.00.00 Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures

73.20.−r Electron states at surfaces and interfaces
73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
73.20.Jc Delocalization processes
73.20.Mf Collective excitations
73.20.Qt Electron solids
73.21.−b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems
73.21.Cd Superlattices
73.21.Fg Quantum wells
73.21.La Quantum dots
73.22.−f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
73.23.−b Electronic transport in mesoscopic systems
73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
73.40.−c Electronic transport in interface structures
73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential
73.40.Gk Tunneling
73.40.Jn Metal-to-metal contacts
73.40.Kp III-V semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
73.40.Lq Other semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
73.40.Mr Semiconductor-electrolyte contacts
73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor-to-insulator)
73.43.−f Quantum Hall effects
73.43.Cd Theory and modeling
73.43.Fj Novel experimental methods; measurements
73.43.Jn Tunneling
73.43.Qt Magnetoresistance
73.50.−h Electronic transport phenomena in thin films
73.50.Gr Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, trapping, mean free paths
73.50.Jt Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (including thermomagnetic effects)
73.50.Lw Thermoelectric effects
73.50.Mx High-frequency effects; plasma effects
73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
73.61.−r Electrical properties of specific thin films
73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys
73.61.Le Other inorganic semiconductors
73.63.−b Electronic transport in nanoscale materials and structures
73.63.Fg Nanotubes
73.63.Hs Quantum wells
73.63.Rt Nanoscale contacts
73.90.+f Other topics in electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures

74.00.00 Superconductivity

74.10.+v Occurrence, potential candidates
74.20.−z Theories and models of superconducting state
74.20.De Phenomenological theories (two-fluid, Ginzburg-Landau, etc.)
74.20.Fg BCS theory and its development
74.20.Mn Nonconventional mechanisms
74.20.Rp Pairing symmetries (other than s-wave)
74.25.−q Properties of superconductors
74.25.Bt Thermodynamic properties
74.25.Dw Superconductivity phase diagrams
74.25.F− Transport properties
74.25.Fy Transport properties (electric and thermal conductivity, thermoelectric effects, etc.)
74.25.Gz Optical properties
74.25.Ha Magnetic properties including vortex structures and related phenomena
74.25.Jb Electronic structure (photoemission, etc.)
74.25.Kc Phonons
74.25.Ld Mechanical and acoustical properties, elasticity, and ultrasonic attenuation
74.25.Nf Response to electromagnetic fields (nuclear magnetic resonance, surface impedance, etc.)
74.25.Op Mixed states, critical fields, and surface sheaths
74.25.Qt Vortex lattices, flux pinning, flux creep
74.25.Sv Critical currents
74.25.Uv Vortex phases (includes vortex lattices, vortex liquids, and vortex glasses)
74.40.+k Fluctuations (noise, chaos, nonequilibrium superconductivity, localization, etc.)
74.45.+c Proximity effects; Andreev reflection; SN and SNS junctions
74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
74.62.−c Transition temperature variations, phase diagrams
74.62.Bf Effects of material synthesis, crystal structure, and chemical composition
74.62.Dh Effects of crystal defects, doping and substitution
74.62.Fj Effects of pressure
74.70.−b Superconducting materials other than cuprates
74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and binary compounds (including A15, MgB2, etc.)
74.70.Dd Ternary, quaternary, and multinary compounds (including Chevrel phases, borocarbides, etc.)
74.70.Kn Organic superconductors
74.70.Tx Heavy-fermion superconductors
74.72.−h Cuprate superconductors
74.72.Bk Y-based cuprates
74.72.Dn La-based cuprates
74.72.Hs Bi-based cuprates
74.72.Jt Other cuprates, including Tl and Hg-based cuprates
74.78.−w Superconducting films and low-dimensional structures
74.78.Bz High-T_c films
74.81.Bd Granular, melt-textured, amorphous, and composite superconductors
74.90.+n Other topics in superconductivity

75.00.00 Magnetic properties and materials

75.10.−b General theory and models of magnetic ordering
75.10.Dg Crystal-field theory and spin Hamiltonians
75.10.Hk Classical spin models
75.10.Jm Quantized spin models, including quantum spin frustration
75.10.Lp Band and itinerant models
75.10.Nr Spin-glass and other random models
75.20.−g Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and superparamagnetism
75.20.Ck Nonmetals
75.25.+z Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials
75.30.−m Intrinsic properties of magnetically ordered materials
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
75.30.Ds Spin waves
75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions
75.30.Fv Spin-density waves
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
75.30.Hx Magnetic impurity interactions
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries
75.30.Mb Valence fluctuation, Kondo lattice, and heavy-fermion phenomena
75.30.Sg Magnetocaloric effect, magnetic cooling
75.40.−s Critical-point effects, specific heats, short-range order
75.40.Cx Static properties (order parameter, static susceptibility, heat capacities, critical exponents, etc.)
75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.)
75.45.+j Macroscopic quantum phenomena in magnetic systems
75.47.−m Magnetotransport phenomena; materials for magnetotransport
75.47.Lx Magnetic oxides
75.47.Np Metals and alloys
75.50.−y Studies of specific magnetic materials
75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.50.Kj Amorphous and quasicrystalline magnetic materials
75.50.Lk Spin glasses and other random magnets
75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids
75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors
75.50.Ss Magnetic recording materials
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Ww Permanent magnets
75.60.−d Domain effects, magnetization curves, and hysteresis
75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.60.Jk Magnetization reversal mechanisms
75.70.−i Magnetic properties of thin films, surfaces, and interfaces
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
75.70.Kw Domain structure
75.70.Rf Surface magnetism
75.75.−c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
75.76.+j Spin transport effects
75.78.−n Magnetization dynamics
75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
75.85.+t Magnetoelectric effects, multiferroics
75.90.+w Other topics in magnetic properties and materials

76.00.00 Magnetic resonances and relaxations in condensed matter, mössbauer effect

76.20.+q General theory of resonances and relaxations
76.30.−v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation
76.30.Da Ions and impurities: general
76.30.Fc Iron group (3d) ions and impurities (Ti-Cu)
76.30.Kg Rare-earth ions and impurities
76.30.Lh Other ions and impurities
76.30.Mi Color centers and other defects
76.30.Pk Conduction electrons
76.30.Rn Free radicals
76.40.+b Diamagnetic and cyclotron resonances
76.50.+g Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonances; spin-wave resonance
76.60.−k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation
76.60.Cq Chemical and Knight shifts
76.60.Es Relaxation effects
76.60.Gv Quadrupole resonance
76.60.Jx Effects of internal magnetic fields
76.60.Lz Spin echoes
76.70.−r Magnetic double resonances and cross effects
76.70.Dx Electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), electron double resonance (ELDOR)
76.70.Fz Double nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR), dynamical nuclear polarization
76.75.+i Muon spin rotation and relaxation
76.80.+y Mössbauer effect; other γ-ray spectroscopy

77.00.00 Dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties

77.22.−d Dielectric properties of solids and liquids
77.22.Ch Permittivity
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation
77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects
77.55.+f Dielectric thin films
77.55.−g Dielectric thin films
77.65.−j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
77.65.Dq Acoustoelectric effects and surface acoustic waves
77.65.Fs Electromechanical resonance; quartz resonators
77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects
77.80.−e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
77.80.Bh Phase transitions and Curie point
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.84.−s Dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and antiferroelectric materials
77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc.
77.84.Dy Niobates, titanates, tantalates, PZT ceramics, etc.
77.84.Fa KDP- and TGS-type crystals
77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals
77.90.+k Other topics in dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties

78.00.00 Optical properties, condensed-matter spectroscopy and other interactions of radiation and particles with condensed matter

78.20.−e Optical properties of bulk materials and thin films
78.20.Bh Theory, models, and numerical simulation
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
78.20.Ek Optical activity
78.20.Fm Birefringence
78.20.Hp Piezo-, elasto-, and acoustooptical effects; photoacoustic effects
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
78.20.Nv Thermooptical and photothermal effects
78.30.−j Infrared and Raman spectra
78.30.Cp Liquids
78.30.Er Solid metals and alloys
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
78.30.Jw Organic compounds, polymers
78.30.Ly Disordered solids
78.30.Na Fullerenes and related materials
78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering
78.40.−q Absorption and reflection spectra: visible and ultraviolet
78.40.Dw Liquids
78.40.Me Organic compounds and polymers
78.45.+h Stimulated emission
78.47.+p Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter
78.55.−m Photoluminescence, properties and materials
78.55.Ap Elemental semiconductors
78.55.Bq Liquids
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
78.55.Fv Solid alkali halides
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
78.60.−b Other luminescence and radiative recombination
78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
78.60.Hk Cathodoluminescence, ionoluminescence
78.60.Mq Sonoluminescence, triboluminescence
78.60.Ps Chemiluminescence
78.66.−w Optical properties of specific thin films
78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
78.66.Li Other semiconductors
78.67.−n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
78.67.De Quantum wells
78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
78.70.−g Interactions of particles and radiation with matter
78.70.Bj Positron annihilation
78.70.Ck X-ray scattering
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra
78.70.En X-ray emission spectra and fluorescence
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
78.70.Nx Neutron inelastic scattering
78.90.+t Other topics in optical properties, condensed matter spectroscopy and other interactions of particles and radiation with condensed matter

79.00.00 Electron and ion emission by liquids and solids; impact phenomena

79.20.Ds Laser-beam impact phenomena
79.20.Eb Laser ablation
79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission
79.20.Hx Electron impact: secondary emission
79.20.La Photon- and electron-stimulated desorption
79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with surfaces
79.40.+z Thermionic emission
79.60.−i Photoemission and photoelectron spectra
79.60.Bm Clean metal, semiconductor, and insulator surfaces
79.60.Cn Liquids and liquid surfaces
79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
79.75.+g Exoelectron emission
79.90.+b Other topics in electron and ion emission by liquids and solids and impact phenomena

81.00.00 Materials science

81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
81.05.ue Graphene
81.10.−h Methods of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal growth, crystal morphology, and orientation
81.10.Aj Theory and models of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal growth, crystal morphology, and orientation
81.10.Bk Growth from vapor
81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
81.15.−z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
81.20.−n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing
81.30.−t Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations
81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals, alloys, and oxides
81.30.Dz Phase diagrams of other materials
81.30.Fb Solidification
81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
81.30.Kf Martensitic transformations
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication, and wear
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
81.65.Mq Oxidation
81.70.−q Methods of materials testing and analysis
81.70.Bt Mechanical testing, impact tests, static and dynamic loads
81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
81.70.Ex Nondestructive testing: electromagnetic testing, eddy-current testing
81.70.Ha Testing in microgravity environments

82.00.00 Physical chemistry and chemical physics

82.20.−w Chemical kinetics and dynamics
82.20.Fd Collision theories; trajectory models
82.20.Hf Product distribution
82.20.Ln Semiclassical theory of reactions and/or energy transfer
82.20.Nk Classical theories of reactions and/or energy transfer
82.20.Pm Rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies
82.30.−b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms
82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions; chain reactions; molecule-molecule reactions
82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions
82.30.Gg Positronium chemistry
82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)
82.30.Vy Homogeneous catalysis in solution, polymers and zeolites
82.33.Pt Solid state chemistry
82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions
82.33.Xj Plasma reactions (including flowing afterglow and electric discharges)
82.35.−x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization
82.35.Jk Copolymers, phase transitions, structure
82.35.Lr Physical properties of polymers
82.35.Rs Polyelectrolytes
82.39.−k Chemical kinetics in biological systems
82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane processes
82.40.−g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques
82.40.Fp Shock wave initiated reactions, high-pressure chemistry
82.45.Fk Electrodes
82.45.Gj Electrolytes
82.45.Vp Semiconductor materials in electrochemistry
82.47.−a Applied electrochemistry
82.50.−m Photochemistry
82.50.Hp Processes caused by visible and UV light
82.60.Cx Enthalpies of combustion, reaction, and formation
82.60.Hc Chemical equilibria and equilibrium constants
82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
82.70.Dd Colloids
82.70.Gg Gels and sols
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
82.70.Uv Surfactants, micellar solutions, vesicles, lamellae, amphiphilic systems,
82.80.−d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
82.80.Gk Analytical methods involving vibrational spectroscopy
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
82.90.+j Other topics in physical chemistry and chemical physics

84.00.00 Electronics; radiowave and microwave technology; direct energy conversion and storage

84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits
84.30.Le Amplifiers
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators, mixers, limiters, and compressors
84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
84.30.Vn Filters
84.32.Dd Connectors, relays, and switches
84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
84.32.Hh Inductors and coils; wiring
84.32.Tt Capacitors
84.35.+i Neural networks
84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)
84.40.−x Radiowave and microwave
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories
84.40.Fe Microwave tubes (e.g., klystrons, magnetrons, traveling-wave, backward-wave tubes, etc.)
84.40.Ik Masers; gyrotrons (cyclotron-resonance masers)
84.40.Lj Microwave integrated electronics
84.40.Ua Telecommunications: signal transmission and processing; communication satellites
84.40.Xb Telemetry: remote control, remote sensing; radar
84.47.+w Vacuum tubes
84.60.−h Direct energy conversion and storage
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion: solar cells and arrays
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
84.71.Ba Superconducting magnets; magnetic levitation devices
84.71.Mn Superconducting wires, fibers, and tapes

85.00.00 Electronic and magnetic devices; microelectronics

85.30.−z Semiconductor devices
85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling
85.30.Kk Junction diodes
85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including resonance tunneling devices)
85.30.Tv Field effect devices
85.40.−e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology
85.40.Bh Computer-aided design of microcircuits; layout and modeling
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
85.40.Qx Microcircuit quality, noise, performance, and failure analysis
85.60.−q Optoelectronic devices
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
85.60.Gz Photodetectors
85.60.Ha Photomultipliers; phototubes and photocathodes
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
85.60.Pg Display systems
85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices
85.70.−w Magnetic devices
85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices (including tapes, disks, and drums)
85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices
85.80.Fi Thermoelectric devices

87.00.00 Biological and medical physics

87.10.+e General theory and mathematical aspects
87.10.−e General theory and mathematical aspects
87.10.Ed Ordinary differential equations (ODE), partial differential equations (PDE), integrodifferential models
87.14.−g Biomolecules: types
87.14.Cc Lipids
87.14.Ee Proteins
87.14.G− Nucleic acids
87.14.Gg DNA, RNA
87.15.−v Biomolecules: structure and physical properties
87.15.Aa Theory and modeling; computer simulation
87.15.By Structure and bonding
87.15.Cc Folding: thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, models, and pathways
87.15.He Dynamics and conformational changes
87.15.Kg Molecular interactions; membrane-protein interactions
87.15.La Mechanical properties
87.15.Mi Spectra, photodissociation, and photoionization; luminescence
87.15.Nn Properties of solutions; aggregation and crystallization of macromolecules
87.15.Rn Reactions and kinetics; polymerization
87.15.Tt Electrophoresis
87.15.ht Ultrafast dynamics; charge transfer
87.16.−b Subcellular structure and processes
87.16.Dg Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles
87.16.Sr Chromosomes, histones
87.16.Tb Mitochondria and other organelles
87.16.Uv Active transport processes
87.17.−d Cell processes
87.17.Ee Growth and division
87.17.Jj Cell locomotion, chemotaxis
87.18.−h Biological complexity
87.18.Ed Cell aggregation
87.18.Hf Spatiotemporal pattern formation in cellular populations
87.18.Sn Neural networks and synaptic communication
87.19.−j Properties of higher organisms
87.19.Dd Information processing in vision and hearing
87.19.Ff Muscles
87.19.La Neuroscience
87.19.Nn Electrophysiology
87.19.Rr Mechanical properties of tissues and organs
87.19.Xx Diseases
87.19.xj Cancer
87.23.−n Ecology and evolution
87.23.Kg Dynamics of evolution
87.50.−a Effects of electromagnetic and acoustic fields on biological systems
87.50.Jk Radio frequency and microwave radiation (power lines)
87.50.Mn Magnetic fields
87.52.−g Radiation monitoring, control, and safety
87.53.−j Effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems
87.53.Qc Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: measurements
87.53.Tf Treatment planning, optimization, tissue response factors, and dose-volume analysis
87.63.Lk Visible radiation: diaphanography, transillumination, laser imaging
87.64.−t Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in biophysics and medical physics
87.64.Cc Scattering of visible, uv, and infrared radiation
87.64.Ee Electron microscopy
87.64.Gb X-ray spectroscopy
87.64.Je Infrared and Raman spectroscopy
87.64.Pj Mossbauer spectroscopy
87.66.Jj Ionization dosimetry
87.68.+z Biomaterials and biological interfaces
87.80.−y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.80.Rb Tissue and cellular engineering and biotechnology

88.00.00 Renewable energy resources and applications

88.40.−j Solar energy

89.00.00 Other areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics

89.20.Bb Industrial and technological research and development
89.20.Dd Military technology and weapons systems; arms control
89.20.Kk Engineering
89.30.Cc Solar power
89.30.Gg Nuclear fission power
89.30.Jj Nuclear fusion power
89.60.−k Environmental studies
89.60.Gg Impact of natural and man-made disasters
89.65.Gh Economics; econophysics, financial markets, business and management
89.70.+c Information theory and communication theory
89.90.+n Other topics in areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics

91.00.00 Solid earth physics

91.10.Kg Crustal movements and deformation
91.10.Nj Rotational variations; polar wobble
91.10.Op Gravity anomalies; time variable gravity
91.25.−r Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; geoelectricity
91.25.Cw Origins and models of the magnetic field; dynamo theories
91.25.Le Time variations in geomagnetism
91.25.Mf Magnetic field reversals: process and timescale
91.25.Qi Geoelectricity, electromagnetic induction, and telluric currents
91.25.St Magnetic fabrics and anisotropy
91.30.−f Seismology
91.30.Cd Body wave propagation
91.30.Dk Seismicity
91.30.Nw Tsunamis
91.30.Px Earthquakes
91.32.De Crust and lithosphere
91.35.−x Earth’s interior structure and properties
91.35.Dc Heat flow; geothermy
91.35.Ed Structure of the Earth’s interior below the upper mantle
91.35.Gf Structure of the crust and upper mantle
91.35.Lj Composition and state of the Earth’s interior
91.40.Jk Magma migration
91.60.Np Permeability and porosity
91.60.Pn Magnetic and electrical properties
91.65.Ej Extrusive structures and rocks
91.65.Gk Intrusive structures and rocks
91.67.−y Geochemistry

92.00.00 Hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics

92.05.Hj Physical and chemical properties of seawater (salinity, density, temperature)
92.10.−c Physical oceanography
92.10.Fj Upper ocean and mixed layer processes
92.10.Hm Ocean waves and oscillations
92.10.Lq Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes in oceanography
92.10.Ns Fine structure and microstructure in oceanography
92.10.Vz Underwater sound
92.10.ab General circulation
92.10.ak Eddies and mesoscale processes
92.40.Zg Hydrometeorology, hydroclimatology
92.60.−e Properties and dynamics of the atmosphere; meteorology
92.60.Aa Modeling and model calibration
92.60.Bh General circulation
92.60.Ek Convection, turbulence, and diffusion
92.60.Fm Boundary layer structure and processes
92.60.H− Atmospheric composition, structure, and properties
92.60.Hp Chemical composition and chemical interactions
92.60.Jq Water in the atmosphere
92.60.Ls Ion chemistry of the atmosphere
92.60.Mt Particles and aerosols
92.60.Nv Cloud physics and chemistry
92.60.Pw Atmospheric electricity, lightning
92.60.Qx Storms
92.60.Ry Climatology, climate change and variability
92.60.Sz Air quality and air pollution
92.60.Ta Electromagnetic wave propagation
92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation
92.60.Wc Weather analysis and prediction
92.60.Xg Stratosphere/troposphere interactions
92.60.hc Mesospheric composition, energy deposition, constituent transport and chemistry
92.60.hd Stratospheric composition and chemistry
92.60.hf Tropospheric composition and chemistry, constituent transport and chemistry
92.60.hh Acoustic gravity waves, tides, and compressional waves
92.60.hk Convection, turbulence, and diffusion
92.60.hv Pressure, density, and temperature
92.60.hw Airglow and aurorae
92.70.Gt Climate dynamics
92.90.+x Other topics in hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics

93.00.00 Geophysical observations, instrumentation, and techniques

93.30.Bz Africa
93.30.Db Asia
93.85.+q Instrumentation and techniques for geophysical research
93.85.−q Instruments and techniques for geophysical research: Exploration geophysics
93.85.Jk Magnetic and electrical methods

94.00.00 Physics of the ionosphere and magnetosphere

94.05.−a Space plasma physics
94.05.Dd Radiation processes
94.05.Jq Spacecraft sheaths, wakes, and charging
94.05.Sd Space weather
94.10.−s Physics of the neutral atmosphere
94.10.Lf Convection, diffusion, mixing, turbulence, and fallout
94.20.−y Physics of the ionosphere
94.20.Ac Auroral ionosphere
94.20.Bb Wave propagation
94.20.D− Ionospheric structure, composition
94.20.Fg Plasma temperature and density
94.20.Ss Electric fields; current system
94.20.Tt Ionospheric soundings; active experiments
94.20.Vv Ionospheric disturbances, irregularities, and storms
94.20.Xa Meteor-trail physics
94.20.de D region
94.20.dg E region
94.20.dj F region
94.20.dk Polar cap ionosphere
94.20.dv Ion chemistry and composition; ionization mechanisms
94.20.wc Plasma motion; plasma convection; particle acceleration
94.20.wf Plasma waves and instabilities
94.20.wh Ionosphere/magnetosphere interactions
94.20.wj Wave/particle interactions
94.20.wl Plasma interactions with dust and aerosols
94.20.wq Solar radiation and cosmic ray effects
94.20.ws Electromagnetic wave propagation
94.30.−d Physics of the magnetosphere
94.30.Aa Auroral phenomena in magnetosphere
94.30.Hn Energetic trapped particles
94.30.Kq Electric fields, field-aligned currents and current systems, and ring currents
94.30.Lr Magnetic storms, substorms
94.30.Ms Magnetic pulsations
94.30.Ny Energetic particle precipitation
94.30.Tz Electromagnetic wave propagation
94.30.Va Magnetosphere interactions
94.30.Xy Radiation belts
94.30.cg Magnetospheric cusp
94.30.ch Magnetopause
94.30.cl Magnetotail
94.30.cq MHD waves, plasma waves, and instabilities
94.30.cs Plasma motion; plasma convection
94.30.ct Plasma sheet
94.30.cv Plasmasphere
94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere

95.00.00 Fundamental astronomy and astrophysics; instrumentation, techniques, and astronomical observations

95.10.−a Fundamental astronomy
95.10.Ce Celestial mechanics
95.10.Eg Orbit determination and improvement
95.10.Jk Astrometry and reference systems
95.10.Km Ephemerides, almanacs, and calendars
95.30.−k Fundamental aspects of astrophysics
95.30.Cq Elementary particle processes
95.30.Dr Atomic processes and interactions
95.30.Gv Radiation mechanisms; polarization
95.30.Jx Radiative transfer; scattering
95.30.Ky Atomic and molecular data, spectra, and spectral parameters (opacities, rotation constants, line identification, oscillator strengths, gf values, transition probabilities, etc.)
95.30.Lz Hydrodynamics
95.30.Qd Magnetohydrodynamics and plasmas
95.30.Sf Relativity and gravitation
95.30.Tg Thermodynamic processes, conduction, convection, equations of state
95.30.Wi Dust processes (condensation, evaporation, sputtering, mantle growth, etc.)
95.35.+d Dark matter
95.40.+s Artificial Earth satellites
95.45.+i Observatories and site testing
95.55.−n Astronomical and space-research instrumentation
95.55.Br Astrometric and interferometric instruments
95.55.Cs Ground-based ultraviolet, optical and infrared telescopes
95.55.Ev Solar instruments
95.55.Fw Space-based ultraviolet, optical, and infrared telescopes
95.55.Jz Radio telescopes and instrumentation; heterodyne receivers
95.55.Ka X- and γ-ray telescopes and instrumentation
95.55.Qf Photometric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic instrumentation
95.55.Vj Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particle detectors; cosmic ray detectors
95.55.Ym Gravitational radiation detectors; mass spectrometers; and other instrumentation and techniques
95.75.−z Observation and data reduction techniques; computer modeling and simulation
95.75.De Photography and photometry (including microlensing techniques)
95.75.Fg Spectroscopy and spectrophotometry
95.75.Kk Interferometry
95.75.Mn Image processing (including source extraction)
95.75.Qr Adaptive and segmented optics
95.80.+p Astronomical catalogs, atlases, sky surveys, databases, retrieval systems, archives, etc.
95.85.−e Astronomical observations (additional primary heading(s) must be chosen with these entries to represent the astronomical objects and/or properties studied)
95.85.Bh Radio, microwave (>1 mm)
95.85.Fm Submillimeter (300 μm-1 mm)
95.85.Jq Near infrared (0.75-3 μm)
95.85.Pw γ-ray
95.85.Ry Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particles; cosmic rays
95.85.Sz Gravitational radiation, magnetic fields, and other observations

96.00.00 Solar system; planetology

96.10.+i General; solar nebula; cosmogony
96.12.−a Planetology of solid surface planets
96.12.Bc Origin and evolution
96.12.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
96.12.Fe Gravitational fields
96.12.Hg Magnetic field and magnetism
96.12.Jt Atmospheres
96.12.Kz Surfaces
96.12.Ma Composition
96.12.Pc Interiors
96.15.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
96.15.Ef Gravitational fields
96.15.Gh Magnetic field and magnetism
96.15.Hy Atmospheres
96.15.Uv Rings and dust
96.20.−n Moon
96.20.Dt Features, landmarks, mineralogy, and petrology
96.20.Jz Gravitational field, selenodesy, and magnetic fields
96.25.−f Planetology of comets and small bodies
96.25.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
96.25.Hs Composition
96.25.Qr Interactions with solar wind plasma and fields
96.25.St Plasma and MHD instabilities
96.25.Tg Radiation and spectra
96.30.−t Solar system objects
96.30.Cw Comets
96.30.Dz Mercury
96.30.Ea Venus
96.30.Gc Mars
96.30.Hf Martian satellites
96.30.Kf Jupiter
96.30.Mh Saturn
96.30.Pj Uranus
96.30.Qk Uranian satellites
96.30.Vb Dust, extraterrestrial materials
96.30.Wr Planetary rings
96.30.Ys Asteroids, meteoroids
96.30.Za Meteors, meteorites and tektites
96.40.Fg Energetic solar particles and photons
96.50.−e Interplanetary physics
96.50.Bh Interplanetary magnetic fields
96.50.Ci Solar wind plasma; sources of solar wind
96.50.Dj Interplanetary dust and gas
96.50.Ek Heliopause and solar wind termination
96.50.Fm Planetary bow shocks; interplanetary shocks
96.50.Gn Comets
96.50.Qx Corotating streams
96.50.S− Cosmic rays
96.50.Tf MHD waves; plasma waves, turbulence
96.50.Vg Energetic particles
96.50.Xy Heliosphere/interstellar medium interactions
96.50.sb Composition, energy spectra and interactions
96.50.sd Extensive air showers
96.50.sf Interactions with terrestrial matter
96.50.sh Interplanetary propagation and effects
96.60.−j Solar physics
96.60.Bn Diameter, rotation, and mass
96.60.Fs Composition
96.60.Hv Electric and magnetic fields, solar magnetism
96.60.Iv Magnetic reconnection
96.60.Jw Solar interior
96.60.Ly Helioseismology, pulsations, and shock waves
96.60.Mz Photosphere
96.60.Na Chromosphere
96.60.P− Corona
96.60.Q− Solar activity
96.60.Qc Sunspots, faculae, plages
96.60.Rd Flares, bursts, and related phenomena
96.60.Se Prominences
96.60.Tf Solar electromagnetic emission
96.60.Ub Solar irradiance
96.60.Vg Particle emission, solar wind
96.60.pf Coronal loops, streamers
96.60.qd Sun spots, solar cycles
96.60.qe Flares
96.90.+c Other topics on the Solar system and planetology

97.00.00 Stars

97.10.−q Stellar characteristics and properties
97.10.Bt Star formation
97.10.Cv Stellar structure, interiors, evolution, nucleosynthesis, ages
97.10.Ex Stellar atmospheres (photospheres, chromospheres, coronae, magnetospheres); radiative transfer; opacity and line formation
97.10.Fy Circumstellar shells, clouds, and expanding envelopes; circumstellar masers
97.10.Gz Accretion and accretion disks
97.10.Kc Stellar rotation
97.10.Ld Magnetic and electric fields; polarization of starlight
97.10.Nf Masses
97.10.Ri Luminosities; magnitudes; effective temperatures, colors, and spectral classification
97.10.Sj Pulsations, oscillations, and stellar seismology
97.10.Tk Abundances, chemical composition
97.10.Vm Distances, parallaxes
97.20.−w Normal stars (by class): general or individual
97.20.Ec Main-sequence: early-type stars (O and B)
97.20.Li Giant and subgiant stars
97.20.Pm Supergiant stars
97.20.Rp Faint blue stars
97.21.+a Pre-main sequence objects, young stellar objects
97.30.Dg Low-amplitude blue variables (alpha Cygni, beta Cephei, delta Scuti, delta Delphini, delta Canis Majoris, SX Phoenicius, etc.)
97.30.Eh Emission-line stars (Of, Be, Luminous Blue Variables, Wolf-Rayet, etc.)
97.30.Fi Chemically peculiar stars (Ap, Am, etc.)
97.30.Kn RR Lyrae stars; RV Tauri and PV Telescopii variables
97.30.Nr Flare stars (UV Ceti, RS Canum Venaticorum, FU Orionis, R Coronae Borealis variables, etc.)
97.30.Qt Novae, dwarf novae, recurrent novae, and other cataclysmic
97.60.Bw Supernovae
97.60.Gb Pulsars
97.60.Jd Neutron stars
97.60.Lf Black holes
97.80.−d Binary and multiple stars
97.80.Fk Spectroscopic binaries; close binaries
97.80.Gm Cataclysmic binaries
97.80.Hn Eclipsing binaries
97.80.Jp X-ray binaries

98.00.00 Stellar systems; interstellar medium; galactic and extragalactic objects and systems; the universe

98.35.−a Characteristics and properties of the Milky Way galaxy
98.35.Ac Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation
98.35.Df Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation
98.35.Eg Electric and magnetic fields
98.35.Hj Spiral arms and galactic disk
98.35.Jk Galactic center, bar, circumnuclear matter, and bulge (including black hole and distance measurements)
98.38.−j Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in Milky Way
98.38.Am Physical properties (abundances, electron density, magnetic fields, scintillation, scattering, kinematics, dynamics, turbulence, etc.)
98.38.Bn Atomic, molecular, chemical, and grain processes
98.38.Er Interstellar masers
98.38.Jw Infrared emission
98.38.Kx Intercloud medium (ICM); hot and highly ionized gas; bubbles
98.38.Ly Planetary nebulae
98.38.Mz Supernova remnants
98.52.−b Normal galaxies; extragalactic objects and systems (by type)
98.52.Nr Spiral galaxies
98.54.−h Quasars; active or peculiar galaxies, objects, and systems
98.54.Aj Quasars
98.54.Cm Active and peculiar galaxies and related systems (including BL Lacertae objects, blazars, Seyfert galaxies, Markarian galaxies, and active galactic nuclei)
98.54.Ep Starburst galaxies and infrared excess galaxies
98.54.Gr Radio galaxies
98.56.Si Magellanic Clouds and other irregular galaxies
98.56.Wm Dwarf galaxies (elliptical, irregular, and spheroidal)
98.58.−w Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in external galaxies
98.58.Bz Atomic, molecular, chemical, and grain processes
98.58.Ca Interstellar dust grains; diffuse emission; infrared cirrus
98.58.Db Molecular clouds, H2 clouds, dense clouds, and dark clouds
98.58.Hf H II regions; emission and reflection nebulae
98.58.Kh Intercloud medium (ICM); hot and highly ionized gas; bubbles
98.58.Li Planetary nebulae
98.58.Mj Supernova remnants
98.62.Ai Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation
98.62.Dm Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation
98.62.Gq Galactic halos
98.62.Hr Spiral arms and bars; galactic disks
98.62.Js Galactic nuclei (including black holes), circumnuclear matter, and bulges
98.62.Mw Infall, accretion, and accretion disks
98.62.Py Distances, redshifts, radial velocities; spatial distribution of galaxies
98.62.Ra Intergalactic matter; quasar absorption and emission-line systems; Lyman forest
98.62.Sb Gravitational lenses and luminous arcs
98.65.−r Galaxy groups, clusters, and superclusters; large scale structure of the Universe
98.65.Cw Galaxy clusters
98.65.Dx Superclusters; large-scale structure of the Universe (including voids, pancakes, great wall, etc.)
98.70.−f Unidentified sources of radiation outside the Solar System
98.70.Dk Radio sources
98.70.Lt IR sources
98.70.Qy X-ray sources; X-ray bursts
98.70.Rz γ-ray sources; γ-ray bursts
98.70.Sa Cosmic rays
98.70.Vc Background radiations
98.80.−k Cosmology
98.80.Bp Origin and formation of the Universe
98.80.Cq Particle-theory and field-theory models of the early Universe (including cosmic pancakes, cosmic strings, chaotic phenomena, inflationary universe, etc.)
98.80.Es Observational cosmology (including Hubble constant, distance scale, cosmological constant, early Universe, etc)
98.80.Ft Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements
98.80.Jk Mathematical and relativistic aspects of cosmology
98.80.Qc Quantum cosmology

99.00.00

99.10.Cd Errata
99.10.Np Editorial note

PACS (Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme) was developed by the American Institute of Physics and is used to identify fields and sub-fields of physics.

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