01.00.00 Communication, education, history, and philosophy
- 01.10.−m Announcements, news, and organizational activities
- 01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards
- 01.10.Fv Conferences, lectures, and institutes
- 01.10.Hx Physics organizational activities
- 01.30.−y Physics literature and publications
- 01.30.Bb Publications of lectures (advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.)
- 01.30.Cc Conference proceedings
- 01.30.Ee Monographs and collections
- 01.30.Kj Handbooks, dictionaries, tables, and data compilations
- 01.30.M− Textbooks
- 01.30.Mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
- 01.30.Os Books of general interest to physics teachers
- 01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters
- 01.30.Tt Bibliographies
- 01.30.Vv Book reviews
- 01.30.Ww Editorials
- 01.30.mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
- 01.40.−d Education
- 01.40.Di Course design and evaluation
- 01.40.E− Science in school
- 01.40.gb Teaching methods and strategies
- 01.40.gf Theory of testing and techniques
- 01.50.−i Educational aids
- 01.50.Fr Audio and visual aids, films
- 01.50.H− Computers in education
- 01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus
- 01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
- 01.50.Qb Laboratory course design, organization, and evaluation
- 01.50.ht Instructional computer use
- 01.52.+r National and international laboratory facilities
- 01.55.+b General physics
- 01.60.+q Biographies, tributes, personal notes, and obituaries
- 01.65.+g History of science
- 01.70.+w Philosophy of science
- 01.75.+m Science and society
- 01.78.+p Science and government (funding, politics, etc.)
- 01.90.+g Other topics of general interest
02.00.00 Mathematical methods in physics
03.00.00 Quantum mechanics, field theories, and special relativity
- 03.30.+p Special relativity
- 03.50.−z Classical field theories
- 03.50.De Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell equations
- 03.50.Kk Other special classical field theories
- 03.65.−w Quantum mechanics
- 03.65.Ca Formalism
- 03.65.Db Functional analytical methods
- 03.65.Fd Algebraic methods
- 03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states
- 03.65.Nk Scattering theory
- 03.65.Pm Relativistic wave equations
- 03.65.Sq Semiclassical theories and applications
- 03.65.Ta Foundations of quantum mechanics; measurement theory
- 03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality
- 03.65.Vf Phases: geometric; dynamic or topological
- 03.65.Xp Tunneling, traversal time, quantum Zeno dynamics
- 03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods
- 03.67.−a Quantum information
- 03.67.Ac Quantum algorithms, protocols, and simulations
- 03.67.Bg Entanglement production and manipulation
- 03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography and communication security
- 03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations
- 03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields
- 03.75.−b Matter waves
- 03.75.Be Atom and neutron optics
- 03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry
- 03.75.Hh Static properties of condensates; thermodynamical, statistical, and structural properties
- 03.75.Kk Dynamic properties of condensates; collective and hydrodynamic excitations, superfluid flow
- 03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons, vortices, and topological excitations
- 03.75.Mn Multicomponent condensates; spinor condensates
- 03.75.Nt Other Bose-Einstein condensation phenomena
- 03.75.Ss Degenerate Fermi gases
04.00.00 General relativity and gravitation
- 04.20.−q Classical general relativity
- 04.20.Cv Fundamental problems and general formalism
- 04.20.Dw Singularities and cosmic censorship
- 04.20.Fy Canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variational principles
- 04.20.Gz Spacetime topology, causal structure, spinor structure
- 04.20.Jb Exact solutions
- 04.25.Nx Post-Newtonian approximation; perturbation theory; related approximations
- 04.25.dg Numerical studies of black holes and black-hole binaries
- 04.30.−w Gravitational waves
- 04.30.Db Wave generation and sources
- 04.30.Nk Wave propagation and interactions
- 04.30.Tv Gravitational-wave astrophysics
- 04.40.−b Self-gravitating systems; continuous media and classical fields in curved spacetime
- 04.40.Dg Relativistic stars: structure, stability, and oscillations
- 04.50.+h Gravity in more than four dimensions, Kaluza-Klein theory, unified field theories; alternative theories of gravity
- 04.50.−h Higher-dimensional gravity and other theories of gravity
- 04.50.Gh Higher-dimensional black holes, black strings, and related objects
- 04.50.Kd Modified theories of gravity
- 04.60.−m Quantum gravity
- 04.60.Bc Phenomenology of quantum gravity
- 04.60.Ds Canonical quantization
- 04.60.Gw Covariant and sum-over-histories quantization
- 04.62.+v Quantum fields in curved spacetime
- 04.65.+e Supergravity
- 04.70.−s Physics of black holes
- 04.70.Bw Classical black holes
- 04.70.Dy Quantum aspects of black holes, evaporation, thermodynamics
- 04.80.−y Experimental studies of gravity
- 04.80.Cc Experimental tests of gravitational theories
- 04.80.Nn Gravitational wave detectors and experiments
05.00.00 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems
06.00.00 Metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures
07.00.00 Instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy
- 07.05.−t Computers in experimental physics
- 07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities
- 07.05.Fb Design of experiments
- 07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
- 07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
- 07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence
- 07.05.Tp Computer modeling and simulation
- 07.05.Wr Computer interfaces
- 07.07.−a General equipment
- 07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
- 07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.
- 07.07.Mp Transducers
- 07.10.−h Mechanical instruments and equipment
- 07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque
- 07.20.−n Thermal instruments and apparatus
- 07.20.Dt Thermometers
- 07.20.Hy Furnaces; heaters
- 07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers
- 07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
- 07.20.Pe Heat engines; heat pumps; heat pipes
- 07.30.−t Vacuum apparatus
- 07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
- 07.50.−e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
- 07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components
- 07.50.Qx Signal processing electronics
- 07.55.−w Magnetic instruments and components
- 07.55.Db Generation of magnetic fields; magnets
- 07.55.Ge Magnetometers for magnetic field measurements
- 07.55.Jg Magnetometers for susceptibility, magnetic moment, and magnetization measurements
- 07.57.−c Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments and equipment
- 07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
- 07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
- 07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
- 07.60.−j Optical instruments and equipment
- 07.60.Dq Photometers, radiometers, and colorimeters
- 07.60.Hv Refractometers and reflectometers
- 07.60.Ly Interferometers
- 07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes
- 07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
- 07.60.Vg Fiber-optic instruments
- 07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
- 07.75.+h Mass spectrometers
- 07.77.−n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
- 07.77.Gx Atomic and molecular beam sources and detectors
- 07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors
- 07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers
- 07.79.−v Scanning probe microscopes and components
- 07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes
- 07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
- 07.81.+a Electron and ion spectrometers
- 07.85.−m X- and γ-ray instruments
- 07.85.Fv X- and γ-ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors
- 07.85.Nc X-ray and γ-ray spectrometers
- 07.85.Qe Synchrotron radiation instrumentation
- 07.85.Tt X-ray microscopes
- 07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components
- 07.90.+c Other topics in instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy
11.00.00 General theory of fields and particles
- 11.10.−z Field theory
- 11.10.Cd Axiomatic approach
- 11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach
- 11.10.Gh Renormalization
- 11.10.Hi Renormalization group evolution of parameters
- 11.10.Jj Asymptotic problems and properties
- 11.10.Kk Field theories in dimensions other than four
- 11.10.Lm Nonlinear or nonlocal theories and models
- 11.10.St Bound and unstable states; Bethe-Salpeter equations
- 11.10.Wx Finite-temperature field theory
- 11.15.−q Gauge field theories
- 11.15.Bt General properties of perturbation theory
- 11.15.Ex Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries
- 11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory
- 11.15.Kc Classical and semiclassical techniques
- 11.15.Pg Expansions for large numbers of components (e.g., 1/Nc expansions)
- 11.15.Yc Chern-Simons gauge theory
- 11.25.−w Strings and branes
- 11.25.Db Properties of perturbation theory
- 11.25.Hf Conformal field theory, algebraic structures
- 11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models
- 11.25.Wx String and brane phenomenology
- 11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture
- 11.30.−j Symmetry and conservation laws
- 11.30.Cp Lorentz and Poincaré invariance
- 11.30.Er Charge conjugation, parity, time reversal, and other discrete symmetries
- 11.30.Fs Global symmetries (e.g., baryon number, lepton number)
- 11.30.Ly Other internal and higher symmetries
- 11.30.Na Nonlinear and dynamical symmetries (spectrum-generating symmetries)
- 11.30.Pb Supersymmetry
- 11.30.Qc Spontaneous and radiative symmetry breaking
- 11.30.Rd Chiral symmetries
- 11.40.Ex Formal properties of current algebras
- 11.40.Ha Partially conserved axial-vector currents
- 11.55.−m S-matrix theory; analytic structure of amplitudes
- 11.55.Bq Analytic properties of S matrix
- 11.55.Fv Dispersion relations
- 11.55.Hx Sum rules
- 11.55.Jy Regge formalism
- 11.80.−m Relativistic scattering theory
- 11.80.Cr Kinematical properties (helicity and invariant amplitudes, kinematic singularities, etc.)
- 11.80.Et Partial-wave analysis
- 11.80.Jy Many-body scattering and Faddeev equation
- 11.90.+t Other topics in general theory of fields and particles
12.00.00 Specific theories and interaction models; particle systematics
13.00.00 Specific reactions and phenomenology
- 13.15.+g Neutrino interactions
- 13.20.−v Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays of mesons
- 13.20.Cz Decays of π mesons
- 13.20.Eb Decays of K mesons
- 13.20.Gd Decays of J/ψ, Υ, and other quarkonia
- 13.20.He Decays of bottom mesons
- 13.20.Jf Decays of other mesons
- 13.25.Cq Decays of π mesons
- 13.25.Es Decays of K mesons
- 13.25.Ft Decays of charmed mesons
- 13.25.Gv Decays of J/ψ, Υ, and other quarkonia
- 13.25.Hw Decays of bottom mesons
- 13.25.Jx Decays of other mesons
- 13.30.−a Decays of baryons
- 13.30.Ce Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays
- 13.30.Eg Hadronic decays
- 13.35.−r Decays of leptons
- 13.35.Bv Decays of muons
- 13.40.−f Electromagnetic processes and properties
- 13.40.Em Electric and magnetic moments
- 13.40.Gp Electromagnetic form factors
- 13.40.Hq Electromagnetic decays
- 13.40.Ks Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes
- 13.60.−r Photon and charged-lepton interactions with hadrons
- 13.60.Fz Elastic and Compton scattering
- 13.60.Hb Total and inclusive cross sections (including deep-inelastic processes)
- 13.60.Le Meson production
- 13.60.Rj Baryon production
- 13.66.−a Lepton-lepton interactions
- 13.66.Bc Hadron production in e−e+ interactions
- 13.66.De Lepton production in e−e+ interactions
- 13.66.Jn Precision measurements in e−e+ interactions
- 13.75.−n Hadron-induced low- and intermediate-energy reactions and scattering
- 13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions
- 13.75.Ev Hyperon-nucleon interactions
- 13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions
- 13.75.Jz Kaon-baryon interactions
- 13.75.Lb Meson-meson interactions
- 13.85.−t Hadron-induced high- and super-high-energy interactions
- 13.85.Dz Elastic scattering
- 13.85.Fb Inelastic scattering: two-particle final states
- 13.85.Hd Inelastic scattering: many-particle final states
- 13.85.Lg Total cross sections
- 13.85.Ni Inclusive production with identified hadrons
- 13.85.Qk Inclusive production with identified leptons, photons, or other nonhadronic particles
- 13.85.Tp Cosmic-ray interactions
- 13.87.Ce Production
- 13.88.+e Polarization in interactions and scattering
- 13.90.+i Other topics in specific reactions and phenomenology of elementary particles
14.00.00 Properties of specific particles
21.00.00 Nuclear structure
23.00.00 Radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy
24.00.00 Nuclear reactions: general
25.00.00 Nuclear reactions: specific reactions
26.00.00 Nuclear astrophysics
27.00.00 Properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges
28.00.00 Nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies
- 28.20.−v Neutron physics
- 28.20.Cz Neutron scattering
- 28.20.Gd Neutron transport: diffusion and moderation
- 28.20.Pr Neutron imaging; neutron tomography
- 28.41.−i Fission reactors
- 28.41.Ak Theory, design, and computerized simulation
- 28.41.Bm Fuel elements, preparation, reloading, and reprocessing
- 28.41.Kw Radioactive wastes, waste disposal
- 28.41.My Reactor control systems
- 28.41.Pa Moderators
- 28.41.Te Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling
- 28.50.−k Fission reactor types
- 28.50.Dr Research reactors
- 28.50.Ft Fast and breeder reactors
- 28.52.−s Fusion reactors
- 28.52.Av Theory, design, and computerized simulation
- 28.52.Cx Fueling, heating and ignition
- 28.60.+s Isotope separation and enrichment
- 28.70.+y Nuclear explosions
- 28.90.+i Other topics in nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies
29.00.00 Experimental methods and instrumentation for elementary-particle and nuclear physics
31.00.00 Electronic structure of atoms and molecules: theory
32.00.00 Atomic properties and interactions with photons
- 32.10.−f Properties of atoms
- 32.10.Bi Atomic masses, mass spectra, abundances, and isotopes
- 32.10.Dk Electric and magnetic moments, polarizabilities
- 32.10.Fn Fine and hyperfine structure
- 32.10.Hq Ionization potentials, electron affinities
- 32.30.−r Atomic spectra
- 32.30.Bv Radio-frequency, microwave, and infrared spectra
- 32.30.Dx Magnetic resonance spectra
- 32.30.Jc Visible and ultraviolet spectra
- 32.30.Rj X-ray spectra
- 32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching)
- 32.60.+i Zeeman and Stark effects
- 32.70.−n Intensities and shapes of atomic spectral lines
- 32.70.Cs Oscillator strengths, lifetimes, transition moments
- 32.70.Fw Absolute and relative intensities
- 32.70.Jz Line shapes, widths, and shifts
- 32.80.−t Photoionization and excitation
- 32.80.Bx Level crossing and optical pumping
- 32.80.Cy Atomic scattering, cross sections, and form factors; Compton scattering
- 32.80.Dz Autoionization
- 32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions
- 32.80.Gc Photodetachment of atomic negative ions
- 32.80.Hd Auger effect
- 32.80.Pj Optical cooling of atoms; trapping
- 32.80.Qk Coherent control of atomic interactions with photons
- 32.80.Rm Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states
- 32.80.Wr Other multiphoton processes
- 32.80.Ys Weak-interaction effects in atoms
- 32.80.Zb Autoionization
- 32.90.+a Other topics in atomic properties and interactions of atoms with photons
33.00.00 Molecular properties and interactions with photons
- 33.15.Bh General molecular conformation and symmetry; stereochemistry
- 33.15.Dj Interatomic distances and angles
- 33.15.Fm Bond strengths, dissociation energies
- 33.15.Hp Barrier heights (internal rotation, inversion, rotational isomerism, conformational dynamics)
- 33.15.Kr Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and magnetic susceptibility
- 33.15.Mt Rotation, vibration, and vibration-rotation constants
- 33.15.Pw Fine and hyperfine structure
- 33.15.Ry Ionization potentials, electron affinities, molecular core binding energy
- 33.15.Ta Mass spectra
- 33.20.−t Molecular spectra (see also 78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (
- 33.20.Bx Radio-frequency and microwave spectra
- 33.20.Ea Infrared spectra
- 33.20.Fb Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering)
- 33.20.Lg Ultraviolet spectra
- 33.20.Ni Vacuum ultraviolet spectra
- 33.20.Sn Rotational analysis
- 33.20.Tp Vibrational analysis
- 33.20.Vq Vibration-rotation analysis
- 33.20.Wr Vibronic, rovibronic, and rotation-electron-spin interactions
- 33.25.+k Nuclear resonance and relaxation
- 33.50.−j Fluorescence and phosphorescence; radiationless transitions, quenching
- 33.50.Dq Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra
- 33.50.Hv Radiationless transitions, quenching
- 33.55.Be Zeeman and Stark effects
- 33.60.Fy X-ray photoelectron spectra
- 33.70.Ca Oscillator and band strengths, lifetimes, transition moments, and Franck-Condon factors
- 33.70.Fd Absolute and relative line and band intensities
- 33.70.Jg Line and band widths, shapes, and shifts
- 33.80.−b Photon interactions with molecules
- 33.80.Be Level crossing and optical pumping
- 33.80.Eh Autoionization, photoionization, and photodetachment
- 33.80.Gj Diffuse spectra; predissociation, photodissociation
- 33.80.Rv Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states)
- 33.80.Wz Other multiphoton processes
- 33.90.+h Other topics in molecular properties and interactions with photons
34.00.00 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions
36.00.00 Exotic atoms and molecules; macromolecules; clusters
37.00.00 Mechanical control of atoms, molecules, and ions
39.00.00 Instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physics
41.00.00 Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics
42.00.00 Optics
- 42.15.−i Geometrical optics
- 42.15.Dp Wave fronts and ray tracing
- 42.15.Fr Aberrations
- 42.25.−p Wave optics
- 42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption
- 42.25.Dd Wave propagation in random media
- 42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering
- 42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
- 42.25.Hz Interference
- 42.25.Ja Polarization
- 42.25.Kb Coherence
- 42.25.Lc Birefringence
- 42.30.−d Imaging and optical processing
- 42.30.Kq Fourier optics
- 42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions
- 42.30.Ms Speckle and moiré patterns
- 42.30.Rx Phase retrieval
- 42.30.Va Image forming and processing
- 42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
- 42.40.−i Holography
- 42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
- 42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods
- 42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques
- 42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics
- 42.40.My Applications
- 42.40.Pa Volume holograms
- 42.50.−p Quantum optics
- 42.50.Ar Photon statistics and coherence theory
- 42.50.Ct Quantum description of interaction of light and matter; related experiments
- 42.50.Dv Quantum state engineering and measurements
- 42.50.Ex Optical implementations of quantum information processing and transfer
- 42.50.Fx Cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems
- 42.50.Gy Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and amplification of light; electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption
- 42.50.Hz Strong-field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems; multiphoton processes; dynamic Stark shift
- 42.50.Lc Quantum fluctuations, quantum noise, and quantum jumps
- 42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency
- 42.50.Nn Quantum optical phenomena in absorbing, amplifying, dispersive and conducting media; cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems
- 42.50.Pq Cavity quantum electrodynamics; micromasers
- 42.50.Wk Mechanical effects of light on material media, microstructures and particles
- 42.55.−f Lasers
- 42.55.Ah General laser theory
- 42.55.Ks Chemical lasers
- 42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
- 42.55.Mv Dye lasers
- 42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
- 42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
- 42.55.Vc X- and γ-ray lasers
- 42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
- 42.55.Ye Raman lasers
- 42.60.−v Laser optical systems: design and operation
- 42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
- 42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
- 42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
- 42.60.Gd Q-switching
- 42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
- 42.60.Lh Efficiency, stability, gain, and other operational parameters
- 42.60.Mi Dynamical laser instabilities; noisy laser behavior
- 42.60.Pk Continuous operation
- 42.60.Rn Relaxation oscillations and long pulse operation
- 42.62.−b Laser applications
- 42.62.Be Biological and medical applications
- 42.62.Cf Industrial applications
- 42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
- 42.62.Fi Laser spectroscopy
- 42.65.−k Nonlinear optics
- 42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability
- 42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
- 42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
- 42.65.Hw Phase conjugation; photorefractive and Kerr effects
- 42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
- 42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
- 42.65.Lm Parametric down conversion and production of entangled photons
- 42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
- 42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
- 42.65.Sf Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities, optical chaos and complexity, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics
- 42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves
- 42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
- 42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
- 42.66.−p Physiological optics
- 42.66.Ct Anatomy and optics of eye
- 42.68.−w Atmospheric and ocean optics
- 42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer
- 42.68.Bz Atmospheric turbulence effects
- 42.68.Ca Spectral absorption by atmospheric gases
- 42.68.Jg Effects of aerosols
- 42.68.Kh Effects of air pollution
- 42.68.Mj Scattering, polarization
- 42.68.Wt Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems
- 42.68.Xy Ocean optics
- 42.70.−a Optical materials
- 42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz
- 42.70.Df Liquid crystals
- 42.70.Hj Laser materials
- 42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
- 42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media
- 42.70.Mp Nonlinear optical crystals
- 42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
- 42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
- 42.72.−g Optical sources and standards
- 42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources
- 42.79.−e Optical elements, devices, and systems
- 42.79.Ag Apertures, collimators
- 42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
- 42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
- 42.79.Dj Gratings
- 42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors
- 42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
- 42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
- 42.79.Jq Acousto-optical devices
- 42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
- 42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters
- 42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
- 42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers
- 42.79.Wc Optical coatings
- 42.81.−i Fiber optics
- 42.81.Bm Fabrication, cladding, and splicing
- 42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
- 42.81.Gs Birefringence, polarization
- 42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
- 42.81.Qb Fiber waveguides, couplers, and arrays
- 42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices
- 42.82.−m Integrated optics
- 42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
- 42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
- 42.82.Gw Other integrated-optical elements and systems
43.00.00 Acoustics
- 43.10.Ce Conferences, lectures, and announcements
- 43.10.Df Other acoustical societies and their publications, online journals, and other electronic publications
- 43.10.Eg Biographical, historical, and personal notes
- 43.10.Sv Education in acoustics, tutorial papers of interest to acoustics educators
- 43.20.+g General linear acoustics
- 43.20.Bi Mathematical theory of wave propagation
- 43.20.Dk Ray acoustics
- 43.20.El Reflection, refraction, diffraction of acoustic waves
- 43.20.Fn Scattering of acoustic waves
- 43.20.Rz Steady-state radiation from sources, impedance, radiation patterns, boundary element methods
- 43.25.+y Nonlinear acoustics
- 43.25.−x Nonlinear acoustics
- 43.25.Dc Nonlinear acoustics of solids
- 43.25.Ed Effect of nonlinearity on velocity and attenuation
- 43.25.Hg Interaction of intense sound waves with noise
- 43.25.Nm Acoustic streaming
- 43.25.Vt Intense sound sources
- 43.25.Yw Nonlinear acoustics of bubbly liquids
- 43.28.−g Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound
- 43.28.Bj Mechanisms affecting sound propagation in air, sound speed in the air
- 43.28.Mw Shock and blast waves, sonic boom
- 43.28.Py Interaction of fluid motion and sound, Doppler effect, and sound in flow ducts
- 43.30.+m Underwater sound
- 43.30.−k Underwater sound
- 43.30.Cq Ray propagation of sound in water
- 43.30.Jx Radiation from objects vibrating under water, acoustic and mechanical impedance
- 43.35.Bf Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in liquids, liquid crystals, suspensions, and emulsions
- 43.35.Cg Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in solids; elastic constants
- 43.35.Pt Surface waves in solids and liquids
- 43.35.Rw Magnetoacoustic effect; oscillations and resonance
- 43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography
- 43.35.Ud Thermoacoustics, high temperature acoustics, photoacoustic effect
- 43.35.Xd Nuclear acoustical resonance, acoustical magnetic resonance
- 43.35.Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques
- 43.35.Zc Use of ultrasonics in nondestructive testing, industrial processes, and industrial products
- 43.38.−p Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound
- 43.38.Ja Loudspeakers and horns, practical sound sources
- 43.38.Kb Microphones and their calibration
- 43.38.Zp Acoustooptic and photoacoustic transducers
- 43.55.Dt Sound absorption in enclosures: theory and measurement; use of absorption in offices, commercial and domestic spaces
- 43.58.−e Acoustical measurements and instrumentation (see also specific sections for specialized instrumentation)
- 43.58.Kr Spectrum and frequency analyzers and filters; acoustical and electrical oscillographs; photoacoustic spectrometers; acoustical delay lines and resonators
- 43.58.Ls Acoustical lenses and microscopes
- 43.60.−c Acoustic signal processing
- 43.60.Vx Acoustic sensing and acquisition
- 43.66.Lj Perceptual effects of sound
44.00.00 Heat transfer
45.00.00 Classical mechanics of discrete systems
46.00.00 Continuum mechanics of solids
47.00.00 Fluid dynamics
- 47.10.+g General theory
- 47.10.−g General theory in fluid dynamics
- 47.10.A− Mathematical formulations
- 47.10.ab Conservation laws and constitutive relations
- 47.10.ad Navier-Stokes equations
- 47.11.−j Computational methods in fluid dynamics
- 47.15.−x Laminar flows
- 47.15.G− Low-Reynolds-number (creeping) flows
- 47.15.Uv Laminar jets
- 47.20.−k Flow instabilities
- 47.20.Bp Buoyancy-driven instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Benard)
- 47.20.Dr Surface-tension-driven instability
- 47.20.Ft Instability of shear flows (e.g., Kelvin-Helmholtz)
- 47.20.Ib Instability of boundary layers; separation
- 47.20.Ky Nonlinearity, bifurcation, and symmetry breaking
- 47.20.Qr Centrifugal instabilities (e.g., Taylor-Couette flow)
- 47.27.−i Turbulent flows
- 47.27.Ak Fundamentals
- 47.27.Cn Transition to turbulence
- 47.27.De Coherent structures
- 47.27.E− Turbulence simulation and modeling
- 47.27.Gs Isotropic turbulence; homogeneous turbulence
- 47.27.Jv High-Reynolds-number turbulence
- 47.27.Qb Turbulent diffusion
- 47.27.ed Dynamical systems approaches
- 47.27.ef Field-theoretic formulations and renormalization
- 47.27.er Spectral methods
- 47.32.−y Vortex dynamics; rotating fluids
- 47.32.C− Vortex dynamics
- 47.32.Ef Rotating and swirling flows
- 47.32.cd Vortex stability and breakdown
- 47.35.+i Hydrodynamic waves
- 47.35.Bb Gravity waves
- 47.35.De Shear waves
- 47.35.Fg Solitary waves
- 47.35.Pq Capillary waves
- 47.35.Rs Sound waves
- 47.37.+q Hydrodynamic aspects of superfluidity; quantum fluids
- 47.40.−x Compressible flows; shock waves
- 47.40.Dc General subsonic flows
- 47.40.Hg Transonic flows
- 47.40.Ki Supersonic and hypersonic flows
- 47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects
- 47.40.Rs Detonation waves
- 47.45.Ab Kinetic theory of gases
- 47.45.Gx Slip flows and accommodation
- 47.52.+j Chaos in fluid dynamics
- 47.53.+n Fractals in fluid dynamics
- 47.55.D− Drops and bubbles
- 47.55.dp Cavitation and boiling
- 47.55.dr Interactions with surfaces
- 47.55.pb Thermal convection
- 47.56.+r Flows through porous media
- 47.60.+i Flows in ducts, channels, nozzles, and conduits
- 47.63.Gd Swimming microorganisms
- 47.65.−d Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics
- 47.65.Md Plasma dynamos
- 47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows
- 47.70.Pq Flames; combustion
- 47.80.−v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics
- 47.80.Cb Velocity measurements
- 47.80.Fg Pressure and temperature measurements
- 47.85.Dh Hydrodynamics, hydraulics, hydrostatics
- 47.85.Gj Aerodynamics
51.00.00 Physics of gases
52.00.00 Physics of plasmas and electric discharges
- 52.20.−j Elementary processes in plasmas
- 52.20.Dq Particle orbits
- 52.20.Fs Electron collisions
- 52.20.Hv Atomic, molecular, ion, and heavy-particle collisions
- 52.25.−b Plasma properties
- 52.25.Dg Plasma kinetic equations
- 52.25.Fi Transport properties
- 52.25.Gj Fluctuation and chaos phenomena
- 52.25.Jm Ionization of plasmas
- 52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas
- 52.25.Mq Dielectric properties
- 52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
- 52.25.Tx Emission, absorption, and scattering of particles
- 52.25.Vy Impurities in plasmas
- 52.25.Xz Magnetized plasmas
- 52.27.Cm Multicomponent and negative-ion plasmas
- 52.27.Ep Electron-positron plasmas
- 52.27.Gr Strongly-coupled plasmas
- 52.27.Lw Dusty or complex plasmas; plasma crystals
- 52.27.Ny Relativistic plasmas
- 52.30.−q Plasma dynamics and flow
- 52.30.Cv Magnetohydrodynamics
- 52.35.−g Waves, oscillations, and instabilities in plasmas and intense beams
- 52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves (e.g., Alfven waves)
- 52.35.Dm Sound waves
- 52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves)
- 52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid)
- 52.35.Kt Drift waves
- 52.35.Mw Nonlinear phenomena: waves, wave propagation, and other interactions (including parametric effects, mode coupling, ponderomotive effects, etc.)
- 52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)
- 52.35.Qz Microinstabilities (ion-acoustic, two-stream, loss-cone, beam-plasma, drift, ion- or electron-cyclotron, etc.)
- 52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence
- 52.35.Sb Solitons; BGK modes
- 52.35.Tc Shock waves and discontinuities
- 52.35.We Plasma vorticity
- 52.38.−r Laser-plasma interactions
- 52.38.Bv Rayleigh scattering; stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering
- 52.38.Dx Laser light absorption in plasmas (collisional, parametric, etc.)
- 52.38.Hb Self-focussing, channeling, and filamentation in plasmas
- 52.38.Kd Laser-plasma acceleration of electrons and ions
- 52.38.Ph X-ray, γ-ray, and particle generation
- 52.40.−w Plasma interactions (nonlaser)
- 52.40.Db Electromagnetic
- 52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides
- 52.40.Hf Plasma-material interactions; boundary layer effects
- 52.40.Kh Plasma sheaths
- 52.40.Mj Particle beam interactions in plasmas
- 52.50.−b Plasma production and heating
- 52.50.Dg Plasma sources
- 52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
- 52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
- 52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression
- 52.50.Qt Plasma heating by radio-frequency fields; ICR, ICP, helicons
- 52.50.Sw Plasma heating by microwaves; ECR, LH, collisional heating
- 52.55.−s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium
- 52.55.Dy General theory and basic studies of plasma lifetime, particle and heat loss, energy balance, field structure, etc.
- 52.55.Ez Theta pinch
- 52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
- 52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
- 52.55.Ip Spheromaks
- 52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors, gas dynamic traps
- 52.55.Lf Field-reversed configurations, rotamaks, astrons, ion rings, magnetized target fusion, and cusps
- 52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle effects
- 52.55.Rk Power exhaust; divertors
- 52.55.Tn Ideal and resistive MHD modes; kinetic modes
- 52.57.−z Laser inertial confinement
- 52.58.Lq Z-pinches, plasma focus, and other pinch devices
- 52.59.−f Intense particle beams and radiation sources
- 52.65.−y Plasma simulation
- 52.65.Ff Fokker-Planck and Vlasov equation
- 52.65.Kj Magnetohydrodynamic and fluid equation
- 52.65.Vv Perturbative methods
- 52.70.−m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation
- 52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements
- 52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements
- 52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
- 52.75.−d Plasma devices
- 52.75.Di Ion and plasma propulsion
- 52.75.Fk Magnetohydrodynamic generators and thermionic convertors; plasma diodes
- 52.77.−j Plasma applications
- 52.80.−s Electric discharges
- 52.80.Dy Low-field and Townsend discharges
- 52.80.Hc Glow; corona
- 52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning; atmospheric electricity
- 52.80.Pi High-frequency and RF discharges
- 52.80.Qj Explosions; exploding wires
- 52.80.Tn Other gas discharges
- 52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum
- 52.80.Wq Discharge in liquids and solids
- 52.90.+z Other topics in physics of plasmas and electric discharges
61.00.00 Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography
- 61.05.−a Techniques for structure determination
- 61.05.C− X-ray diffraction and scattering
- 61.05.F− Neutron diffraction and scattering
- 61.05.fg Neutron scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.10.−i X-ray diffraction and scattering
- 61.10.Eq X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.10.Ht X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
- 61.10.Kw X-ray reflectometry (surfaces, interfaces, films)
- 61.10.Nz X-ray diffraction
- 61.12.−q Neutron diffraction and scattering
- 61.12.Bt Theories of diffraction and scattering
- 61.12.Ex Neutron scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.12.Ld Neutron diffraction
- 61.14.−x Electron diffraction and scattering
- 61.14.Dc Theories of diffraction and scattering
- 61.14.Hg Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)
- 61.20.−p Structure of liquids
- 61.20.Gy Theory and models of liquid structure
- 61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure
- 61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; relaxation
- 61.20.Ne Structure of simple liquids
- 61.25.−f Studies of specific liquid structures
- 61.25.Hq Macromolecular and polymer solutions; polymer melts; swelling
- 61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys
- 61.30.−v Liquid crystals
- 61.30.Cz Molecular and microscopic models and theories of liquid crystal structure
- 61.30.Dk Continuum models and theories of liquid crystal structure
- 61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and other structures
- 61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
- 61.30.Hn Surface phenomena: alignment, anchoring, anchoring transitions, surface-induced layering, surface-induced ordering, wetting, prewetting transitions, and wetting transitions
- 61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
- 61.30.Mp Blue phases and other defect-phases
- 61.30.St Lyotropic phases
- 61.30.Vx Polymer liquid crystals
- 61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
- 61.43.−j Disordered solids
- 61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation
- 61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
- 61.43.Er Other amorphous solids
- 61.43.Fs Glasses
- 61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
- 61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates (including diffusion-limited aggregates)
- 61.44.−n Semi-periodic solids
- 61.44.Br Quasicrystals
- 61.44.Fw Incommensurate crystals
- 61.46.+w Nanoscale materials: clusters, nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocrystals
- 61.46.−w Structure of nanoscale materials
- 61.46.Bc Structure of clusters (e.g., metcars; not fragments of crystals; free or loosely aggregated or loosely attached to a substrate)
- 61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
- 61.46.Np Structure of nanotubes (hollow nanowires)
- 61.48.+c Fullerenes and fullerene-related materials
- 61.48.−c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular structures
- 61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems
- 61.50.−f Structure of bulk crystals
- 61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and modeling
- 61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects
- 61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
- 61.50.Nw Crystal stoichiometry
- 61.66.−f Structure of specific crystalline solids
- 61.66.Bi Elemental solids
- 61.66.Dk Alloys
- 61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
- 61.66.Hq Organic compounds
- 61.72.−y Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure
- 61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects
- 61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
- 61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
- 61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity, slip, creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.)
- 61.72.Ji Point defects (vacancies, interstitials, color centers, etc.) and defect clusters
- 61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations
- 61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
- 61.72.Ss Impurity concentration, distribution, and gradients
- 61.72.Tt Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon
- 61.72.Vv Doping and impurity implantation in III-V and II-VI semiconductors
- 61.72.Ww Doping and impurity implantation in other materials
- 61.72.Yx Interaction between different crystal defects; gettering effect
- 61.80.−x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage
- 61.80.Az Theory and models of radiation effects
- 61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
- 61.80.Ed γ-ray effects
- 61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects
- 61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
- 61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
- 61.80.Lj Atom and molecule irradiation effects
- 61.82.Bg Metals and alloys
- 61.82.Fk Semiconductors
- 61.82.Ms Insulators
- 61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
- 61.85.+p Channeling phenomena (blocking, energy loss, etc.)
- 61.90.+d Other topics in structure of solids and liquids; crystallography
62.00.00 Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter
- 62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids
- 62.20.−x Mechanical properties of solids
- 62.20.D− Elasticity
- 62.20.Dc Elasticity, elastic constants
- 62.20.Fe Deformation and plasticity
- 62.20.Hg Creep
- 62.20.Mk Fatigue, brittleness, fracture, and cracks
- 62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
- 62.25.−g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems
- 62.25.Fg High-frequency properties, responses to resonant or transient (time-dependent) fields
- 62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations
- 62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances
- 62.50.+p High-pressure and shock wave effects in solids and liquids
- 62.50.−p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids
- 62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids
- 62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
63.00.00 Lattice dynamics
64.00.00 Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions
65.00.00 Thermal properties of condensed matter
66.00.00 Nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter
67.00.00 Quantum fluids and solids
- 67.20.+k Quantum effects on the structure and dynamics of nondegenerate fluids (e.g., normal phase liquid 4He)
- 67.30.H− Superfluid phase of 3He
- 67.30.er Magnetic properties, NMR
- 67.40.−w Boson degeneracy and superfluidity of 4He
- 67.40.Bz Phenomenology and two-fluid models
- 67.40.Fd Dynamics of relaxation phenomena
- 67.40.Hf Hydrodynamics in specific geometries, flow in narrow channels
- 67.40.Jg Ions in liquid 4He
- 67.40.Kh Thermodynamic properties
- 67.40.Mj First sound
- 67.40.Pm Transport processes, second and other sounds, and thermal counterflow; Kapitza resistance
- 67.40.Vs Vortices and turbulence
- 67.55.−s Normal phase of liquid 3He
- 67.55.Cx Thermodynamic properties
- 67.55.Hc Transport properties
- 67.57.−z Superfluid phase of liquid 3He
- 67.57.Bc Thermodynamic properties
- 67.57.De Superflow and hydrodynamics
- 67.57.Fg Textures and vortices
- 67.57.Hi Transport properties
- 67.57.Jj Collective modes
- 67.57.Lm Spin dynamics
- 67.60.−g Mixtures of 3He and 4He
- 67.60.Dm HeI-3He
- 67.70.+n Films (including physical adsorption)
- 67.80.−s Quantum solids
- 67.80.Cx Structure, lattice dynamics, and sound propagation
- 67.80.Mg Defects, impurities, and diffusion
- 67.85.−d Ultracold gases, trapped gases
- 67.90.+z Other topics in quantum fluids and solids
68.00.00 Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and nanosystems (structure and nonelectronic properties)
- 68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
- 68.03.Fg Evaporation and condensation of liquids
- 68.03.Hj Liquid surface structure: measurements and simulations
- 68.05.−n Liquid-liquid interfaces
- 68.08.−p Liquid-solid interfaces
- 68.15.+e Liquid thin films
- 68.18.Fg Liquid thin film structure: measurements and simulations
- 68.18.Jk Phase transitions in liquid thin films
- 68.35.−p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces: structure and energetics
- 68.35.Bs Structure of clean surfaces (reconstruction)
- 68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
- 68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
- 68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
- 68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
- 68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
- 68.35.Ja Surface and interface dynamics and vibrations
- 68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies
- 68.35.Np Adhesion
- 68.35.Rh Phase transitions and critical phenomena
- 68.37.−d Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films
- 68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
- 68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
- 68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
- 68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
- 68.37.Vj Field emission and field-ion microscopy
- 68.37.Yz X-ray microscopy
- 68.43.−h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces
- 68.43.Fg Adsorbate structure (binding sites, geometry)
- 68.43.Jk Diffusion of adsorbates, kinetics of coarsening and aggregation
- 68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
- 68.47.De Metallic surfaces
- 68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
- 68.47.Pe Langmuir-Blodgett films on solids; polymers on surfaces; biological molecules on surfaces
- 68.49.Jk Electron scattering from surfaces
- 68.49.Sf Ion scattering from surfaces (charge transfer, sputtering, SIMS)
- 68.49.Uv X-ray standing waves
- 68.55.A− Nucleation and growth
- 68.55.Jk Structure and morphology; thickness; crystalline orientation and texture
- 68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.
- 68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification
- 68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
- 68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
- 68.65.−k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
- 68.65.Ac Multilayers
- 68.65.Cd Superlattices
- 68.65.Pq Graphene films
- 68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties)
- 68.90.+g Other topics in structure, and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and interfaces; thin films and low-dimensional structures
71.00.00 Electronic structure of bulk materials
- 71.10.−w Theories and models of many-electron systems
- 71.10.Ay Fermi-liquid theory and other phenomenological models
- 71.10.Ca Electron gas, Fermi gas
- 71.10.Fd Lattice fermion models (Hubbard model, etc.)
- 71.15.−m Methods of electronic structure calculations
- 71.15.Ap Basis sets (LCAO, plane-wave, APW, etc.) and related methodology (scattering methods, ASA, linearized methods, etc.)
- 71.15.Dx Computational methodology (Brillouin zone sampling, iterative diagonalization, pseudopotential construction)
- 71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections
- 71.15.Nc Total energy and cohesive energy calculations
- 71.18.+y Fermi surface: calculations and measurements; effective mass, g factor
- 71.20.−b Electron density of states and band structure of crystalline solids
- 71.20.Be Transition metals and alloys
- 71.20.Dg Alkali and alkaline earth metals
- 71.20.Eh Rare earth metals and alloys
- 71.20.Gj Other metals and alloys
- 71.20.Mq Elemental semiconductors
- 71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
- 71.20.Ps Other inorganic compounds
- 71.20.Rv Polymers and organic compounds
- 71.23.−k Electronic structure of disordered solids
- 71.23.An Theories and models; localized states
- 71.23.Cq Amorphous semiconductors, metallic glasses, glasses
- 71.23.Ft Quasicrystals
- 71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions
- 71.28.+d Narrow-band systems; intermediate-valence solids
- 71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
- 71.35.−y Excitons and related phenomena
- 71.35.Aa Frenkel excitons and self-trapped excitons
- 71.35.Cc Intrinsic properties of excitons; optical absorption spectra
- 71.35.Ee Electron-hole drops and electron-hole plasma
- 71.35.Ji Excitons in magnetic fields; magnetoexcitons
- 71.35.Lk Collective effects (Bose effects, phase space filling, and excitonic phase transitions)
- 71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
- 71.38.−k Polarons and electron-phonon interactions
- 71.38.Ht Self-trapped or small polarons
- 71.38.Mx Bipolarons
- 71.45.−d Collective effects
- 71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic response functions, plasmons
- 71.45.Lr Charge-density-wave systems
- 71.55.−i Impurity and defect levels
- 71.55.Ak Metals, semimetals, and alloys
- 71.55.Cn Elemental semiconductors
- 71.55.Gs II-VI semiconductors
- 71.55.Ht Other nonmetals
- 71.55.Jv Disordered structures; amorphous and glassy solids
- 71.60.+z Positron states
- 71.70.−d Level splitting and interactions
- 71.70.Ch Crystal and ligand fields
- 71.70.Di Landau levels
- 71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect
- 71.70.Gm Exchange interactions
- 71.70.Jp Nuclear states and interactions
- 71.90.+q Other topics in electronic structure
72.00.00 Electronic transport in condensed matter
73.00.00 Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures
- 73.20.−r Electron states at surfaces and interfaces
- 73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
- 73.20.Jc Delocalization processes
- 73.20.Mf Collective excitations
- 73.20.Qt Electron solids
- 73.21.−b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems
- 73.21.Cd Superlattices
- 73.21.Fg Quantum wells
- 73.21.La Quantum dots
- 73.22.−f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
- 73.23.−b Electronic transport in mesoscopic systems
- 73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena
- 73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
- 73.40.−c Electronic transport in interface structures
- 73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential
- 73.40.Gk Tunneling
- 73.40.Jn Metal-to-metal contacts
- 73.40.Kp III-V semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
- 73.40.Lq Other semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
- 73.40.Mr Semiconductor-electrolyte contacts
- 73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
- 73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor-to-insulator)
- 73.43.−f Quantum Hall effects
- 73.43.Cd Theory and modeling
- 73.43.Fj Novel experimental methods; measurements
- 73.43.Jn Tunneling
- 73.43.Qt Magnetoresistance
- 73.50.−h Electronic transport phenomena in thin films
- 73.50.Gr Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, trapping, mean free paths
- 73.50.Jt Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (including thermomagnetic effects)
- 73.50.Lw Thermoelectric effects
- 73.50.Mx High-frequency effects; plasma effects
- 73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
- 73.61.−r Electrical properties of specific thin films
- 73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys
- 73.61.Le Other inorganic semiconductors
- 73.63.−b Electronic transport in nanoscale materials and structures
- 73.63.Fg Nanotubes
- 73.63.Hs Quantum wells
- 73.63.Rt Nanoscale contacts
- 73.90.+f Other topics in electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures
74.00.00 Superconductivity
- 74.10.+v Occurrence, potential candidates
- 74.20.−z Theories and models of superconducting state
- 74.20.De Phenomenological theories (two-fluid, Ginzburg-Landau, etc.)
- 74.20.Fg BCS theory and its development
- 74.20.Mn Nonconventional mechanisms
- 74.20.Rp Pairing symmetries (other than s-wave)
- 74.25.−q Properties of superconductors
- 74.25.Bt Thermodynamic properties
- 74.25.Dw Superconductivity phase diagrams
- 74.25.F− Transport properties
- 74.25.Fy Transport properties (electric and thermal conductivity, thermoelectric effects, etc.)
- 74.25.Gz Optical properties
- 74.25.Ha Magnetic properties including vortex structures and related phenomena
- 74.25.Jb Electronic structure (photoemission, etc.)
- 74.25.Kc Phonons
- 74.25.Ld Mechanical and acoustical properties, elasticity, and ultrasonic attenuation
- 74.25.Nf Response to electromagnetic fields (nuclear magnetic resonance, surface impedance, etc.)
- 74.25.Op Mixed states, critical fields, and surface sheaths
- 74.25.Qt Vortex lattices, flux pinning, flux creep
- 74.25.Sv Critical currents
- 74.25.Uv Vortex phases (includes vortex lattices, vortex liquids, and vortex glasses)
- 74.40.+k Fluctuations (noise, chaos, nonequilibrium superconductivity, localization, etc.)
- 74.45.+c Proximity effects; Andreev reflection; SN and SNS junctions
- 74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
- 74.62.−c Transition temperature variations, phase diagrams
- 74.62.Bf Effects of material synthesis, crystal structure, and chemical composition
- 74.62.Dh Effects of crystal defects, doping and substitution
- 74.62.Fj Effects of pressure
- 74.70.−b Superconducting materials other than cuprates
- 74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and binary compounds (including A15, MgB2, etc.)
- 74.70.Dd Ternary, quaternary, and multinary compounds (including Chevrel phases, borocarbides, etc.)
- 74.70.Kn Organic superconductors
- 74.70.Tx Heavy-fermion superconductors
- 74.72.−h Cuprate superconductors
- 74.72.Bk Y-based cuprates
- 74.72.Dn La-based cuprates
- 74.72.Jt Other cuprates, including Tl and Hg-based cuprates
- 74.78.−w Superconducting films and low-dimensional structures
- 74.78.Bz High-Tc films
- 74.81.Bd Granular, melt-textured, amorphous, and composite superconductors
- 74.90.+n Other topics in superconductivity
75.00.00 Magnetic properties and materials
- 75.10.−b General theory and models of magnetic ordering
- 75.10.Dg Crystal-field theory and spin Hamiltonians
- 75.10.Hk Classical spin models
- 75.10.Jm Quantized spin models, including quantum spin frustration
- 75.10.Lp Band and itinerant models
- 75.10.Nr Spin-glass and other random models
- 75.20.−g Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and superparamagnetism
- 75.20.Ck Nonmetals
- 75.25.+z Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials
- 75.30.−m Intrinsic properties of magnetically ordered materials
- 75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
- 75.30.Ds Spin waves
- 75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions
- 75.30.Fv Spin-density waves
- 75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
- 75.30.Hx Magnetic impurity interactions
- 75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries
- 75.30.Mb Valence fluctuation, Kondo lattice, and heavy-fermion phenomena
- 75.30.Sg Magnetocaloric effect, magnetic cooling
- 75.40.−s Critical-point effects, specific heats, short-range order
- 75.40.Cx Static properties (order parameter, static susceptibility, heat capacities, critical exponents, etc.)
- 75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.)
- 75.45.+j Macroscopic quantum phenomena in magnetic systems
- 75.47.−m Magnetotransport phenomena; materials for magnetotransport
- 75.47.Lx Magnetic oxides
- 75.47.Np Metals and alloys
- 75.50.−y Studies of specific magnetic materials
- 75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
- 75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
- 75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
- 75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
- 75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
- 75.50.Kj Amorphous and quasicrystalline magnetic materials
- 75.50.Lk Spin glasses and other random magnets
- 75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids
- 75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors
- 75.50.Ss Magnetic recording materials
- 75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
- 75.50.Ww Permanent magnets
- 75.60.−d Domain effects, magnetization curves, and hysteresis
- 75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure
- 75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
- 75.60.Jk Magnetization reversal mechanisms
- 75.70.−i Magnetic properties of thin films, surfaces, and interfaces
- 75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
- 75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
- 75.70.Kw Domain structure
- 75.70.Rf Surface magnetism
- 75.75.−c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
- 75.76.+j Spin transport effects
- 75.78.−n Magnetization dynamics
- 75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
- 75.85.+t Magnetoelectric effects, multiferroics
- 75.90.+w Other topics in magnetic properties and materials
76.00.00 Magnetic resonances and relaxations in condensed matter, mössbauer effect
77.00.00 Dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties
- 77.22.−d Dielectric properties of solids and liquids
- 77.22.Ch Permittivity
- 77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
- 77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation
- 77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects
- 77.55.+f Dielectric thin films
- 77.55.−g Dielectric thin films
- 77.65.−j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
- 77.65.Dq Acoustoelectric effects and surface acoustic waves
- 77.65.Fs Electromechanical resonance; quartz resonators
- 77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects
- 77.80.−e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
- 77.80.Bh Phase transitions and Curie point
- 77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
- 77.84.−s Dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and antiferroelectric materials
- 77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc.
- 77.84.Dy Niobates, titanates, tantalates, PZT ceramics, etc.
- 77.84.Fa KDP- and TGS-type crystals
- 77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals
- 77.90.+k Other topics in dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties
78.00.00 Optical properties, condensed-matter spectroscopy and other interactions of radiation and particles with condensed matter
- 78.20.−e Optical properties of bulk materials and thin films
- 78.20.Bh Theory, models, and numerical simulation
- 78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
- 78.20.Ek Optical activity
- 78.20.Fm Birefringence
- 78.20.Hp Piezo-, elasto-, and acoustooptical effects; photoacoustic effects
- 78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
- 78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
- 78.20.Nv Thermooptical and photothermal effects
- 78.30.−j Infrared and Raman spectra
- 78.30.Cp Liquids
- 78.30.Er Solid metals and alloys
- 78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
- 78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
- 78.30.Jw Organic compounds, polymers
- 78.30.Ly Disordered solids
- 78.30.Na Fullerenes and related materials
- 78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering
- 78.40.−q Absorption and reflection spectra: visible and ultraviolet
- 78.40.Dw Liquids
- 78.40.Me Organic compounds and polymers
- 78.45.+h Stimulated emission
- 78.47.+p Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter
- 78.55.−m Photoluminescence, properties and materials
- 78.55.Ap Elemental semiconductors
- 78.55.Bq Liquids
- 78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
- 78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
- 78.55.Fv Solid alkali halides
- 78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
- 78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
- 78.60.−b Other luminescence and radiative recombination
- 78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
- 78.60.Hk Cathodoluminescence, ionoluminescence
- 78.60.Mq Sonoluminescence, triboluminescence
- 78.60.Ps Chemiluminescence
- 78.66.−w Optical properties of specific thin films
- 78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
- 78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
- 78.66.Li Other semiconductors
- 78.67.−n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
- 78.67.De Quantum wells
- 78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
- 78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
- 78.70.−g Interactions of particles and radiation with matter
- 78.70.Bj Positron annihilation
- 78.70.Ck X-ray scattering
- 78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra
- 78.70.En X-ray emission spectra and fluorescence
- 78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
- 78.70.Nx Neutron inelastic scattering
- 78.90.+t Other topics in optical properties, condensed matter spectroscopy and other interactions of particles and radiation with condensed matter
79.00.00 Electron and ion emission by liquids and solids; impact phenomena
81.00.00 Materials science
- 81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
- 81.05.ue Graphene
- 81.10.−h Methods of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal growth, crystal morphology, and orientation
- 81.10.Aj Theory and models of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal growth, crystal morphology, and orientation
- 81.10.Bk Growth from vapor
- 81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
- 81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
- 81.15.−z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
- 81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
- 81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition
- 81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
- 81.20.−n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing
- 81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals, alloys, and oxides
- 81.30.Dz Phase diagrams of other materials
- 81.30.Fb Solidification
- 81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
- 81.30.Kf Martensitic transformations
- 81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
- 81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
- 81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
- 81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
- 81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication, and wear
- 81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
- 81.65.Mq Oxidation
- 81.70.−q Methods of materials testing and analysis
- 81.70.Bt Mechanical testing, impact tests, static and dynamic loads
- 81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
- 81.70.Ex Nondestructive testing: electromagnetic testing, eddy-current testing
- 81.70.Ha Testing in microgravity environments
82.00.00 Physical chemistry and chemical physics
- 82.20.−w Chemical kinetics and dynamics
- 82.20.Fd Collision theories; trajectory models
- 82.20.Hf Product distribution
- 82.20.Ln Semiclassical theory of reactions and/or energy transfer
- 82.20.Nk Classical theories of reactions and/or energy transfer
- 82.20.Pm Rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies
- 82.30.−b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms
- 82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions; chain reactions; molecule-molecule reactions
- 82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions
- 82.30.Gg Positronium chemistry
- 82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)
- 82.30.Vy Homogeneous catalysis in solution, polymers and zeolites
- 82.33.Pt Solid state chemistry
- 82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions
- 82.33.Xj Plasma reactions (including flowing afterglow and electric discharges)
- 82.35.−x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization
- 82.35.Jk Copolymers, phase transitions, structure
- 82.35.Lr Physical properties of polymers
- 82.35.Rs Polyelectrolytes
- 82.39.−k Chemical kinetics in biological systems
- 82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane processes
- 82.40.−g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques
- 82.40.Fp Shock wave initiated reactions, high-pressure chemistry
- 82.45.Fk Electrodes
- 82.45.Gj Electrolytes
- 82.45.Vp Semiconductor materials in electrochemistry
- 82.50.−m Photochemistry
- 82.50.Hp Processes caused by visible and UV light
- 82.60.Cx Enthalpies of combustion, reaction, and formation
- 82.60.Hc Chemical equilibria and equilibrium constants
- 82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions
- 82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
- 82.70.Dd Colloids
- 82.70.Gg Gels and sols
- 82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
- 82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
- 82.70.Uv Surfactants, micellar solutions, vesicles, lamellae, amphiphilic systems,
- 82.80.−d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis
- 82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
- 82.80.Gk Analytical methods involving vibrational spectroscopy
- 82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
- 82.90.+j Other topics in physical chemistry and chemical physics
83.00.00 Rheology
84.00.00 Electronics; radiowave and microwave technology; direct energy conversion and storage
- 84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits
- 84.30.Le Amplifiers
- 84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
- 84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators, mixers, limiters, and compressors
- 84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
- 84.30.Vn Filters
- 84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
- 84.32.Hh Inductors and coils; wiring
- 84.32.Tt Capacitors
- 84.35.+i Neural networks
- 84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)
- 84.40.−x Radiowave and microwave
- 84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
- 84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories
- 84.40.Fe Microwave tubes (e.g., klystrons, magnetrons, traveling-wave, backward-wave tubes, etc.)
- 84.40.Ik Masers; gyrotrons (cyclotron-resonance masers)
- 84.40.Lj Microwave integrated electronics
- 84.40.Ua Telecommunications: signal transmission and processing; communication satellites
- 84.40.Xb Telemetry: remote control, remote sensing; radar
- 84.47.+w Vacuum tubes
- 84.60.−h Direct energy conversion and storage
- 84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion: solar cells and arrays
- 84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
- 84.71.Ba Superconducting magnets; magnetic levitation devices
- 84.71.Mn Superconducting wires, fibers, and tapes
85.00.00 Electronic and magnetic devices; microelectronics
- 85.30.−z Semiconductor devices
- 85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling
- 85.30.Kk Junction diodes
- 85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including resonance tunneling devices)
- 85.30.Tv Field effect devices
- 85.40.−e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology
- 85.40.Bh Computer-aided design of microcircuits; layout and modeling
- 85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
- 85.40.Qx Microcircuit quality, noise, performance, and failure analysis
- 85.60.−q Optoelectronic devices
- 85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
- 85.60.Gz Photodetectors
- 85.60.Ha Photomultipliers; phototubes and photocathodes
- 85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
- 85.60.Pg Display systems
- 85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices
- 85.70.−w Magnetic devices
- 85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices (including tapes, disks, and drums)
- 85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices
87.00.00 Biological and medical physics
- 87.10.+e General theory and mathematical aspects
- 87.10.−e General theory and mathematical aspects
- 87.10.Ed Ordinary differential equations (ODE), partial differential equations (PDE), integrodifferential models
- 87.14.−g Biomolecules: types
- 87.14.Cc Lipids
- 87.14.Ee Proteins
- 87.14.G− Nucleic acids
- 87.14.Gg DNA, RNA
- 87.15.−v Biomolecules: structure and physical properties
- 87.15.Aa Theory and modeling; computer simulation
- 87.15.By Structure and bonding
- 87.15.Cc Folding: thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, models, and pathways
- 87.15.He Dynamics and conformational changes
- 87.15.Kg Molecular interactions; membrane-protein interactions
- 87.15.La Mechanical properties
- 87.15.Mi Spectra, photodissociation, and photoionization; luminescence
- 87.15.Nn Properties of solutions; aggregation and crystallization of macromolecules
- 87.15.Rn Reactions and kinetics; polymerization
- 87.15.Tt Electrophoresis
- 87.15.ht Ultrafast dynamics; charge transfer
- 87.16.−b Subcellular structure and processes
- 87.16.Dg Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles
- 87.16.Sr Chromosomes, histones
- 87.16.Tb Mitochondria and other organelles
- 87.16.Uv Active transport processes
- 87.17.−d Cell processes
- 87.17.Ee Growth and division
- 87.17.Jj Cell locomotion, chemotaxis
- 87.18.−h Biological complexity
- 87.18.Ed Cell aggregation
- 87.18.Hf Spatiotemporal pattern formation in cellular populations
- 87.18.Sn Neural networks and synaptic communication
- 87.19.−j Properties of higher organisms
- 87.19.Dd Information processing in vision and hearing
- 87.19.Ff Muscles
- 87.19.La Neuroscience
- 87.19.Nn Electrophysiology
- 87.19.Rr Mechanical properties of tissues and organs
- 87.19.Xx Diseases
- 87.19.xj Cancer
- 87.23.−n Ecology and evolution
- 87.23.Kg Dynamics of evolution
- 87.50.−a Effects of electromagnetic and acoustic fields on biological systems
- 87.50.Jk Radio frequency and microwave radiation (power lines)
- 87.50.Mn Magnetic fields
- 87.52.−g Radiation monitoring, control, and safety
- 87.53.−j Effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems
- 87.53.Qc Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: measurements
- 87.53.Tf Treatment planning, optimization, tissue response factors, and dose-volume analysis
- 87.63.Lk Visible radiation: diaphanography, transillumination, laser imaging
- 87.64.−t Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in biophysics and medical physics
- 87.64.Cc Scattering of visible, uv, and infrared radiation
- 87.64.Ee Electron microscopy
- 87.64.Gb X-ray spectroscopy
- 87.64.Je Infrared and Raman spectroscopy
- 87.64.Pj Mossbauer spectroscopy
- 87.66.Jj Ionization dosimetry
- 87.68.+z Biomaterials and biological interfaces
- 87.80.−y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
- 87.80.Rb Tissue and cellular engineering and biotechnology
89.00.00 Other areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics
91.00.00 Solid earth physics
92.00.00 Hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics
- 92.05.Hj Physical and chemical properties of seawater (salinity, density, temperature)
- 92.10.−c Physical oceanography
- 92.10.Fj Upper ocean and mixed layer processes
- 92.10.Hm Ocean waves and oscillations
- 92.10.Lq Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes in oceanography
- 92.10.Ns Fine structure and microstructure in oceanography
- 92.10.Vz Underwater sound
- 92.10.ab General circulation
- 92.10.ak Eddies and mesoscale processes
- 92.40.Zg Hydrometeorology, hydroclimatology
- 92.60.−e Properties and dynamics of the atmosphere; meteorology
- 92.60.Aa Modeling and model calibration
- 92.60.Bh General circulation
- 92.60.Ek Convection, turbulence, and diffusion
- 92.60.Fm Boundary layer structure and processes
- 92.60.H− Atmospheric composition, structure, and properties
- 92.60.Hp Chemical composition and chemical interactions
- 92.60.Jq Water in the atmosphere
- 92.60.Ls Ion chemistry of the atmosphere
- 92.60.Mt Particles and aerosols
- 92.60.Nv Cloud physics and chemistry
- 92.60.Pw Atmospheric electricity, lightning
- 92.60.Qx Storms
- 92.60.Ry Climatology, climate change and variability
- 92.60.Sz Air quality and air pollution
- 92.60.Ta Electromagnetic wave propagation
- 92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation
- 92.60.Wc Weather analysis and prediction
- 92.60.Xg Stratosphere/troposphere interactions
- 92.60.hc Mesospheric composition, energy deposition, constituent transport and chemistry
- 92.60.hd Stratospheric composition and chemistry
- 92.60.hf Tropospheric composition and chemistry, constituent transport and chemistry
- 92.60.hh Acoustic gravity waves, tides, and compressional waves
- 92.60.hk Convection, turbulence, and diffusion
- 92.60.hv Pressure, density, and temperature
- 92.60.hw Airglow and aurorae
- 92.70.Gt Climate dynamics
- 92.90.+x Other topics in hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics
93.00.00 Geophysical observations, instrumentation, and techniques
94.00.00 Physics of the ionosphere and magnetosphere
- 94.05.−a Space plasma physics
- 94.05.Dd Radiation processes
- 94.05.Jq Spacecraft sheaths, wakes, and charging
- 94.05.Sd Space weather
- 94.10.−s Physics of the neutral atmosphere
- 94.10.Lf Convection, diffusion, mixing, turbulence, and fallout
- 94.20.−y Physics of the ionosphere
- 94.20.Ac Auroral ionosphere
- 94.20.Bb Wave propagation
- 94.20.D− Ionospheric structure, composition
- 94.20.Fg Plasma temperature and density
- 94.20.Ss Electric fields; current system
- 94.20.Tt Ionospheric soundings; active experiments
- 94.20.Vv Ionospheric disturbances, irregularities, and storms
- 94.20.Xa Meteor-trail physics
- 94.20.de D region
- 94.20.dg E region
- 94.20.dj F region
- 94.20.dk Polar cap ionosphere
- 94.20.dv Ion chemistry and composition; ionization mechanisms
- 94.20.wc Plasma motion; plasma convection; particle acceleration
- 94.20.wf Plasma waves and instabilities
- 94.20.wh Ionosphere/magnetosphere interactions
- 94.20.wj Wave/particle interactions
- 94.20.wl Plasma interactions with dust and aerosols
- 94.20.wq Solar radiation and cosmic ray effects
- 94.20.ws Electromagnetic wave propagation
- 94.30.−d Physics of the magnetosphere
- 94.30.Aa Auroral phenomena in magnetosphere
- 94.30.Hn Energetic trapped particles
- 94.30.Kq Electric fields, field-aligned currents and current systems, and ring currents
- 94.30.Lr Magnetic storms, substorms
- 94.30.Ms Magnetic pulsations
- 94.30.Ny Energetic particle precipitation
- 94.30.Tz Electromagnetic wave propagation
- 94.30.Va Magnetosphere interactions
- 94.30.Xy Radiation belts
- 94.30.cg Magnetospheric cusp
- 94.30.ch Magnetopause
- 94.30.cl Magnetotail
- 94.30.cq MHD waves, plasma waves, and instabilities
- 94.30.cs Plasma motion; plasma convection
- 94.30.cv Plasmasphere
- 94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere
95.00.00 Fundamental astronomy and astrophysics; instrumentation, techniques, and astronomical observations
- 95.10.−a Fundamental astronomy
- 95.10.Ce Celestial mechanics
- 95.10.Eg Orbit determination and improvement
- 95.10.Jk Astrometry and reference systems
- 95.10.Km Ephemerides, almanacs, and calendars
- 95.30.−k Fundamental aspects of astrophysics
- 95.30.Cq Elementary particle processes
- 95.30.Dr Atomic processes and interactions
- 95.30.Gv Radiation mechanisms; polarization
- 95.30.Jx Radiative transfer; scattering
- 95.30.Ky Atomic and molecular data, spectra, and spectral parameters (opacities, rotation constants, line identification, oscillator strengths, gf values, transition probabilities, etc.)
- 95.30.Lz Hydrodynamics
- 95.30.Qd Magnetohydrodynamics and plasmas
- 95.30.Sf Relativity and gravitation
- 95.30.Tg Thermodynamic processes, conduction, convection, equations of state
- 95.30.Wi Dust processes (condensation, evaporation, sputtering, mantle growth, etc.)
- 95.35.+d Dark matter
- 95.40.+s Artificial Earth satellites
- 95.45.+i Observatories and site testing
- 95.55.−n Astronomical and space-research instrumentation
- 95.55.Br Astrometric and interferometric instruments
- 95.55.Cs Ground-based ultraviolet, optical and infrared telescopes
- 95.55.Ev Solar instruments
- 95.55.Fw Space-based ultraviolet, optical, and infrared telescopes
- 95.55.Jz Radio telescopes and instrumentation; heterodyne receivers
- 95.55.Ka X- and γ-ray telescopes and instrumentation
- 95.55.Qf Photometric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic instrumentation
- 95.55.Vj Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particle detectors; cosmic ray detectors
- 95.55.Ym Gravitational radiation detectors; mass spectrometers; and other instrumentation and techniques
- 95.75.−z Observation and data reduction techniques; computer modeling and simulation
- 95.75.De Photography and photometry (including microlensing techniques)
- 95.75.Fg Spectroscopy and spectrophotometry
- 95.75.Kk Interferometry
- 95.75.Mn Image processing (including source extraction)
- 95.75.Qr Adaptive and segmented optics
- 95.80.+p Astronomical catalogs, atlases, sky surveys, databases, retrieval systems, archives, etc.
- 95.85.−e Astronomical observations (additional primary heading(s) must be chosen with these entries to represent the astronomical objects and/or properties studied)
- 95.85.Bh Radio, microwave (>1 mm)
- 95.85.Fm Submillimeter (300 μm-1 mm)
- 95.85.Jq Near infrared (0.75-3 μm)
- 95.85.Pw γ-ray
- 95.85.Ry Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particles; cosmic rays
- 95.85.Sz Gravitational radiation, magnetic fields, and other observations
96.00.00 Solar system; planetology
- 96.10.+i General; solar nebula; cosmogony
- 96.12.−a Planetology of solid surface planets
- 96.12.Bc Origin and evolution
- 96.12.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
- 96.12.Fe Gravitational fields
- 96.12.Hg Magnetic field and magnetism
- 96.12.Jt Atmospheres
- 96.12.Kz Surfaces
- 96.12.Ma Composition
- 96.12.Pc Interiors
- 96.15.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
- 96.15.Ef Gravitational fields
- 96.15.Gh Magnetic field and magnetism
- 96.15.Hy Atmospheres
- 96.15.Uv Rings and dust
- 96.20.−n Moon
- 96.20.Dt Features, landmarks, mineralogy, and petrology
- 96.20.Jz Gravitational field, selenodesy, and magnetic fields
- 96.25.−f Planetology of comets and small bodies
- 96.25.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
- 96.25.Hs Composition
- 96.25.Qr Interactions with solar wind plasma and fields
- 96.25.St Plasma and MHD instabilities
- 96.25.Tg Radiation and spectra
- 96.30.−t Solar system objects
- 96.30.Cw Comets
- 96.30.Dz Mercury
- 96.30.Ea Venus
- 96.30.Gc Mars
- 96.30.Hf Martian satellites
- 96.30.Kf Jupiter
- 96.30.Mh Saturn
- 96.30.Pj Uranus
- 96.30.Qk Uranian satellites
- 96.30.Vb Dust, extraterrestrial materials
- 96.30.Wr Planetary rings
- 96.30.Ys Asteroids, meteoroids
- 96.30.Za Meteors, meteorites and tektites
- 96.40.Fg Energetic solar particles and photons
- 96.50.−e Interplanetary physics
- 96.50.Bh Interplanetary magnetic fields
- 96.50.Ci Solar wind plasma; sources of solar wind
- 96.50.Dj Interplanetary dust and gas
- 96.50.Ek Heliopause and solar wind termination
- 96.50.Fm Planetary bow shocks; interplanetary shocks
- 96.50.Gn Comets
- 96.50.Qx Corotating streams
- 96.50.S− Cosmic rays
- 96.50.Tf MHD waves; plasma waves, turbulence
- 96.50.Vg Energetic particles
- 96.50.Xy Heliosphere/interstellar medium interactions
- 96.50.sb Composition, energy spectra and interactions
- 96.50.sd Extensive air showers
- 96.50.sf Interactions with terrestrial matter
- 96.50.sh Interplanetary propagation and effects
- 96.60.−j Solar physics
- 96.60.Bn Diameter, rotation, and mass
- 96.60.Fs Composition
- 96.60.Hv Electric and magnetic fields, solar magnetism
- 96.60.Iv Magnetic reconnection
- 96.60.Jw Solar interior
- 96.60.Ly Helioseismology, pulsations, and shock waves
- 96.60.Mz Photosphere
- 96.60.Na Chromosphere
- 96.60.P− Corona
- 96.60.Q− Solar activity
- 96.60.Qc Sunspots, faculae, plages
- 96.60.Rd Flares, bursts, and related phenomena
- 96.60.Se Prominences
- 96.60.Tf Solar electromagnetic emission
- 96.60.Ub Solar irradiance
- 96.60.Vg Particle emission, solar wind
- 96.60.pf Coronal loops, streamers
- 96.60.qd Sun spots, solar cycles
- 96.60.qe Flares
- 96.90.+c Other topics on the Solar system and planetology
97.00.00 Stars
- 97.10.−q Stellar characteristics and properties
- 97.10.Bt Star formation
- 97.10.Cv Stellar structure, interiors, evolution, nucleosynthesis, ages
- 97.10.Ex Stellar atmospheres (photospheres, chromospheres, coronae, magnetospheres); radiative transfer; opacity and line formation
- 97.10.Fy Circumstellar shells, clouds, and expanding envelopes; circumstellar masers
- 97.10.Gz Accretion and accretion disks
- 97.10.Kc Stellar rotation
- 97.10.Ld Magnetic and electric fields; polarization of starlight
- 97.10.Nf Masses
- 97.10.Ri Luminosities; magnitudes; effective temperatures, colors, and spectral classification
- 97.10.Sj Pulsations, oscillations, and stellar seismology
- 97.10.Tk Abundances, chemical composition
- 97.10.Vm Distances, parallaxes
- 97.20.−w Normal stars (by class): general or individual
- 97.20.Ec Main-sequence: early-type stars (O and B)
- 97.20.Li Giant and subgiant stars
- 97.20.Pm Supergiant stars
- 97.20.Rp Faint blue stars
- 97.21.+a Pre-main sequence objects, young stellar objects
- 97.30.Dg Low-amplitude blue variables (alpha Cygni, beta Cephei, delta Scuti, delta Delphini, delta Canis Majoris, SX Phoenicius, etc.)
- 97.30.Eh Emission-line stars (Of, Be, Luminous Blue Variables, Wolf-Rayet, etc.)
- 97.30.Fi Chemically peculiar stars (Ap, Am, etc.)
- 97.30.Kn RR Lyrae stars; RV Tauri and PV Telescopii variables
- 97.30.Nr Flare stars (UV Ceti, RS Canum Venaticorum, FU Orionis, R Coronae Borealis variables, etc.)
- 97.30.Qt Novae, dwarf novae, recurrent novae, and other cataclysmic
- 97.60.Bw Supernovae
- 97.60.Gb Pulsars
- 97.60.Jd Neutron stars
- 97.60.Lf Black holes
- 97.80.−d Binary and multiple stars
- 97.80.Fk Spectroscopic binaries; close binaries
- 97.80.Gm Cataclysmic binaries
- 97.80.Hn Eclipsing binaries
- 97.80.Jp X-ray binaries
98.00.00 Stellar systems; interstellar medium; galactic and extragalactic objects and systems; the universe
- 98.35.−a Characteristics and properties of the Milky Way galaxy
- 98.35.Ac Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation
- 98.35.Df Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation
- 98.35.Eg Electric and magnetic fields
- 98.35.Hj Spiral arms and galactic disk
- 98.35.Jk Galactic center, bar, circumnuclear matter, and bulge (including black hole and distance measurements)
- 98.38.−j Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in Milky Way
- 98.38.Am Physical properties (abundances, electron density, magnetic fields, scintillation, scattering, kinematics, dynamics, turbulence, etc.)
- 98.38.Bn Atomic, molecular, chemical, and grain processes
- 98.38.Er Interstellar masers
- 98.38.Jw Infrared emission
- 98.38.Kx Intercloud medium (ICM); hot and highly ionized gas; bubbles
- 98.38.Ly Planetary nebulae
- 98.38.Mz Supernova remnants
- 98.52.−b Normal galaxies; extragalactic objects and systems (by type)
- 98.52.Nr Spiral galaxies
- 98.54.−h Quasars; active or peculiar galaxies, objects, and systems
- 98.54.Aj Quasars
- 98.54.Cm Active and peculiar galaxies and related systems (including BL Lacertae objects, blazars, Seyfert galaxies, Markarian galaxies, and active galactic nuclei)
- 98.54.Ep Starburst galaxies and infrared excess galaxies
- 98.54.Gr Radio galaxies
- 98.56.Si Magellanic Clouds and other irregular galaxies
- 98.56.Wm Dwarf galaxies (elliptical, irregular, and spheroidal)
- 98.58.−w Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in external galaxies
- 98.58.Bz Atomic, molecular, chemical, and grain processes
- 98.58.Ca Interstellar dust grains; diffuse emission; infrared cirrus
- 98.58.Db Molecular clouds, H2 clouds, dense clouds, and dark clouds
- 98.58.Hf H II regions; emission and reflection nebulae
- 98.58.Kh Intercloud medium (ICM); hot and highly ionized gas; bubbles
- 98.58.Li Planetary nebulae
- 98.58.Mj Supernova remnants
- 98.62.Ai Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation
- 98.62.Dm Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation
- 98.62.Gq Galactic halos
- 98.62.Hr Spiral arms and bars; galactic disks
- 98.62.Js Galactic nuclei (including black holes), circumnuclear matter, and bulges
- 98.62.Mw Infall, accretion, and accretion disks
- 98.62.Py Distances, redshifts, radial velocities; spatial distribution of galaxies
- 98.62.Ra Intergalactic matter; quasar absorption and emission-line systems; Lyman forest
- 98.62.Sb Gravitational lenses and luminous arcs
- 98.65.−r Galaxy groups, clusters, and superclusters; large scale structure of the Universe
- 98.65.Cw Galaxy clusters
- 98.65.Dx Superclusters; large-scale structure of the Universe (including voids, pancakes, great wall, etc.)
- 98.70.−f Unidentified sources of radiation outside the Solar System
- 98.70.Dk Radio sources
- 98.70.Lt IR sources
- 98.70.Qy X-ray sources; X-ray bursts
- 98.70.Rz γ-ray sources; γ-ray bursts
- 98.70.Sa Cosmic rays
- 98.70.Vc Background radiations
- 98.80.−k Cosmology
- 98.80.Bp Origin and formation of the Universe
- 98.80.Cq Particle-theory and field-theory models of the early Universe (including cosmic pancakes, cosmic strings, chaotic phenomena, inflationary universe, etc.)
- 98.80.Es Observational cosmology (including Hubble constant, distance scale, cosmological constant, early Universe, etc)
- 98.80.Ft Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements
- 98.80.Jk Mathematical and relativistic aspects of cosmology
- 98.80.Qc Quantum cosmology
99.00.00
| Тематический указатель PACS был разработан и используется для классификации областей физики и астрономии. |
