N.V. Karlov^a, A.M. Prokhorov^a, L.S. Kornienko, A.A. Manenkov^a, G.M. Zverev
^aProkhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 38, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

I. Introduction 401
II. Energy Levels of Paramagnetic Ions in Crystals 401
III. Relaxation Effects in Paramagnetic Crystals 408
IV. Quantum-Mechanical (Paramagnetic) Microwave Amplifiers (Masers) 415
V. Quantum -Mechanical Optical Oscillators and Amplifiers (Optical Masers) 420
VI. Conclusion 426
Literature References 426

PACS: 76.30.Fc, 84.40.Ik, 42.50.Pq, 71.70.Jp (all)
DOI: 10.1070/PU1962v005n03ABEH003424
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/1962/3/b/
Citation: Karlov N V, Prokhorov A M, Kornienko L S, Manenkov A A, Zverev G M "Application of paramagnetic crystals in quantum electronics" Sov. Phys. Usp. 5 401–429 (1962)

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Оригинал: Зверев Г М, Карлов Н В, Корниенко Л С, Маненков А А, Прохоров А М «Применение парамагнитных кристаллов в квантовой электронике» УФН 77 61–108 (1962); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0077.196205b.0061