The review describes the operating principles and capabilities of X-ray refraction introscopy, which involves the use of a crystal analyzer as an angular filter. Methods for obtaining absorption, refraction, and extinction contrast, and various image processing algorithms to implement two-dimensional and three-dimensional visualization are considered. Also given are examples of applying the method in biomedicine and materials science.

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Keywords: X-rays, refraction, diffraction, small-angle scattering, introscopy, crystal analyzers, visualization PACS: 07.85.−m, 41.50.+h, 61.05.C−, 78.20.Bh, 87.59.−e (all) DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2023.02.039333 URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2024/4/a/ Citation: Lider V V "X-ray refraction introscopy" Phys. Usp. 67 (4) (2024) Received: 10th, January 2023, revised: 13th, February 2023, accepted: 27th, February 2023 Оригинал: Лидер В В «Рентгеновская рефракционная интроскопия» УФН 194 345–359 (2024); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2023.02.039333