RSS feeds
РусскийEnglish
Issue 12, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

2010

 / 

April

←  →

Reviews of topical problems


21st century: what is life from the perspective of physics?


Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str. 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation

The evolution of the biophysical paradigm over 65 years since the publication in 1944 of Erwin Schrouml;dinger’s What is life? The physical aspects of the living cell is reviewed. Based on the advances in molecular genetics, it is argued that all the features characteristic of living systems can also be found in nonliving ones. Ten paradoxes in logic and physics are analyzed that allow defining life in terms of a spatial — temporal hierarchy of structures and combinatory probabilistic logic. From the perspective of physics, life can be defined as resulting from a game involving interactions of matter one part of which acquires the ability to remember the success (or failure) probabilities from the previous rounds of the game, thereby increasing its chances for further survival in the next round. This part of matter is currently called living matter.

Fulltext pdf (1.2 MB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.0180.201004a.0337
PACS: 01.65.+g, 01.70.+w, 87.23.-w (all)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.0180.201004a.0337
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2010/4/a/
000280543000001
2-s2.0-77958612184
2010PhyU...53..327I
Citation: Ivanitskii G R "21st century: what is life from the perspective of physics?" Phys. Usp. 53 327–356 (2010)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Оригинал: Иваницкий Г Р «XXI век: что такое жизнь с точки зрения физики» УФН 180 337–369 (2010); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0180.201004a.0337

References (180) ↓ Cited by (50) Similar articles (20)

  1. Schrödinger E What Is Life? The Physical Aspect Of The Living Cell (Cambridge: The Univ. Press, 1945); Shredinger E Chto Takoe Zhizn’ s Tochki Zreniya Fiziki? (M.: GIIL, 1947); Shredinger E Chto Takoe Zhizn’? S Tochki Zreniya Fizika 2-e izd. (M.: Atomizdat, 1972)
  2. Darwin C On The Origin Of Species By Means Of Natural Selection, Or The Preservation Of Favoured Races In The Struggle For Life 1st ed. (London: J. Murray, 1859)
  3. Lamarck J B P A Philosophie Zoologique 1st ed. (Paris: Dentu, 1809); Lamarck J B P A Zoological Philosophy (London: Macmillan, 1914); Lamark Zh B Filosofiya Zoologii (M.: Nauka, 1911)
  4. Watson J D, Crick F H C Nature 171 737 (1953)
  5. Menskii M B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 177 415 (2007); Menskii M B Phys. Usp. 50 397 (2007)
  6. Krupyanskii Yu F, Gol’danskii V I Usp. Fiz. Nauk 172 1247 (2002); Krupyanskii Yu F, Gol’danskii V I Phys. Usp. 45 1131 (2002)
  7. Chernavskii D S Usp. Fiz. Nauk 170 157 (2000); Chernavskii D S Phys. Usp. 43 151 (2000)
  8. Izakov M N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 167 1087 (1997); Izakov M N Phys. Usp. 40 1035 (1997)
  9. Avetisov V A, Gol’danskii V I Usp. Fiz. Nauk 166 873 (1996); Avetisov V A, Gol’danskii V I Phys. Usp. 39 819 (1996)
  10. Klimontovich Yu L Usp. Fiz. Nauk 166 1231 (1996); Klimontovich Yu L Phys. Usp. 39 1169 (1996)
  11. Kadomtsev B B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 164 449 (1994); Kadomtsev B B Phys. Usp. 37 425 (1994)
  12. Gol’danskii V I, Kuz’min V V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 157 3 (1989); Gol’danskii V I, Kuz’min V V Sov. Phys. Usp. 32 1 (1989)
  13. Korenblit I Ya, Shender E F Usp. Fiz. Nauk 157 267 (1989); Korenblit I Ya, Shender E F Sov. Phys. Usp. 32 139 (1989)
  14. Vol’kenshtein M V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 154 279 (1988); Vol’kenshtein M V Sov. Phys. Usp. 31 140 (1988)
  15. Kinzel W Complex Systems, Operational Approaches In Neurobiology, Physics, And Computers: Proc. Of The Intern. Symp. On Synergetics, Bavaria, May 6 - 11, 1985 (Ed. H Haken) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985) p. 107; Kintsel’ V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 152 122 (1987)
  16. Vol’kenshtein M V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 149 726 (1986); Vol’kenshtein M V Sov. Phys. Usp. 29 799 (1986)
  17. Leggett A J Contemp. Phys. 25 583 (1984); Leggett E D Usp. Fiz. Nauk 148 671 (1986)
  18. Frank-Kamenetskii M D Usp. Fiz. Nauk 149 728 (1986); Frank-Kamenetskii M D Sov. Phys. Usp. 29 800 (1986)
  19. Ioffe L B, Feigel’man M V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 150 323 (1986); Ioffe L B, Feigel’man M V Sov. Phys. Usp. 29 986 (1986)
  20. Klug A Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 22 565 (1983); Klug A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 142 3 (1984)
  21. Vol’kenshtein M V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 143 429 (1984); Vol’kenshtein M V Sov. Phys. Usp. 27 515 (1984)
  22. Vol’kenshtein M V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 141 546 (1983); Vol’kenshtein M V Sov. Phys. Usp. 26 1011 (1983)
  23. Rabinovich M I Usp. Fiz. Nauk 139 363 (1983); Rabinovich M I Sov. Phys. Usp. 26 186 (1983)
  24. Chirikov B V U FN 139 360 (1983); Chirikov B V Sov. Phys. Usp. 26 184 (1983)
  25. Reiegls R Contemp. Phys. 21 (1 - 2) 3 (1980); Paierls R Usp. Fiz. Nauk 140 315 (1983)
  26. Vol’kenshtein M V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 136 733 (1982), retsenziya na knigu: Schnakenberg I Thermodynamic Network Analysis of Biological Systems 2nd, corrected and updated ed. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1981) i stat’yu: Oster G F, Perelson A S, Katchalsky A "Network thermodynamics: dynamic modeling of biophysical systems" Quart. Rev. Biophys. 6 (2) 1 (1973)
  27. Gel’fand M S Vest. RAN 79 411 (2009); Gel’fand M S Herald Russ. Acad. Sci. 79 247 (2009)
  28. Sverdlov E D Vzglyad na Zhizn’ cherez Okno Genoma Vol. 1 (M.: Nauka, 2009)
  29. Ambrose E J The Nature And Origin Of The Biological World (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982)
  30. Zhivotovskii L, Khusnutdinova E V Mire Nauki (7) 82 (2003)
  31. Grant V The Evolutionary Process: A Gritical Review Of Evolutionary Theory 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1991); Grant V "Evolyutsionnyi protsess. 1984 - 1989" http://filosof.historic.ru/books/item/f00/s01/z0001022/st000.shtml
  32. Khusainov A A, Deev A A, Ivanitsky G R Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA 1117 237 (1992)
  33. Khusainov A A, Shilnikov G V, Emelyanenko V E, Ivanitsky G R Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA 1118 211 (1992)
  34. Tarahovsky Y S, Ivanitsky G R, Khusainov A A FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 122 195 (1994)
  35. Ivanitskii G R i dr. Biofizika 40 1265 (1995)
  36. Veprintseva O D i dr. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 254 496 (1980)
  37. Veprintseva O D, Deev A A, Ivanitskii G R, Kuniskii A S Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 270 983 (1983)
  38. Ivanitskii G R i dr. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 282 1494 (1985)
  39. Finkel’shtein A V, Ivankov D N, Galzitskaya O V Uspekhi Biologicheskoi Khimii 45 3 (2005)
  40. Vud U, Edgar R Molekuly i Kletki Vol. 4 (Pod red. G M Franka) (M.: Mir, 1969) p. 80
  41. D’Erbin’i M-Zh Tserkovnaya Zhizn’ v Moskve (Avtorizovannyi per. s frants. I F Nazhivina) (Parizh: S.J., 1926) p. 57-58
  42. Tabrum A H Religious Beliefs Of Scientists (London: Hunter & Longhurst, 1910); Tabrum A G Religioznye Verovaniya Sovremennykh Uchenykh (Per. s angl. pod red. V A Kozhevnikova, N M Solov’eva) (M.: Tvorcheskaya mysl’, 1912)
  43. Sosinskii A B "Teorema Gedelya" http://www.math.ru/media/lecture/12, Letnyaya shkola "Sovremennaya matematika", Dubna, 2006
  44. Cohen P J Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 13 9 (1971); Koen P Dzh Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk 29 169 (1974)
  45. Hájek P, Paris J, Shepherdson J J. Symb. Log. 65 339 (2000)
  46. Brillouin L Scientific Uncertainty And Information (New York: Academic Press, 1964); Brillyuen L Nauchnaya Neopredelennost’ i Informatsiya (M.: Mir, 1966)
  47. Lorenz H F Proc. Amsterdam Acad. 437 485 (1905)
  48. Sinai Ya G Priroda (3) 72 (1981)
  49. Sinai Ya G Teoriya Fazovykh Perekhodov: Strogie Rezul’taty (M.: Nauka, 1980); Sinai Ya G Theory Of Phase Transitions: Rigorous Results (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982)
  50. Gorodetski A, Ilyashenko Yu Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos 6 1177 (1996)
  51. Corti V Osservazioni Microscopiche Sulla Tremella Et Sulla Circolazione Del Fluido In Una Pianta Acquajuola (Lucca: Giuseppe Rocchi, 1774)
  52. Kamiya N "Protoplasmic streaming" Protoplasmalogia (Handbuch Der Protoplasmafordchung, Bd. 8) (Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1959); Kamiya N Dvizhenie Protoplazmy (M.: IL, 1962)
  53. Romanovskii Yu M, Teplov V A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 165 555 (1995); Romanovskii Yu M, Teplov V A Phys. Usp. 38 521 (1995)
  54. Brown R Philos. Mag. 2 4 161 (1828)
  55. Berg H S, Brown D A Nature 239 500 (1972)
  56. Berg H S Nature 254 389 (1975)
  57. Berg H S Sci. Am. 233 (2) 36 (1975)
  58. Berg H S Random Walks In Biology (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1983)
  59. Smoluchowski M Phys. Z. 13 1069 (1912)
  60. Scilard L Phys. Z. 53 840 (1929)
  61. Lewis G N Nature 118 874 (1926)
  62. Slater J S Introduction To Chemical Physics (New York: McGrawHill Book Co., 1939)
  63. Demers P Can. J. Res. 22 27 (1944)
  64. Demers P Can. J. Res. 23 47 (1945)
  65. Brillouin L Am. Scientist 37 554 (1949)
  66. Brillouin L J. Appl. Phys. 22 334 (1951)
  67. Brillouin L Science And Information Theory (New York: Academic Press, 1956); Brillyuen L Nauka i Teoriya Informatsii (M.: Fizmatgiz, 1960)
  68. Einstein A Ann. Physik 322 549 (1905)
  69. Smoluchowski M Ann. Physik 326 756 (1906)
  70. Einshtein A, Smolukhovskii M Brounovskoe Dvizhenie (Pod red. B I Davydova) (M.-L.: ONTI, 1936)
  71. Langevin P C.R. Acad. Sci. 146 530 (1908)
  72. Klimontovich Yu L Usp. Fiz. Nauk 164 811 (1994); Klimontovich Yu L Phys. Usp. 37 737 (1994)
  73. Ivanitskii G R, Medvinskii A B, Tsyganov M A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 161 (4) 13 (1991); Ivanitskii G R, Medvinskii A B, Tsyganov M A Sov. Phys. Usp. 34 289 (1991)
  74. Ivanitskii G R, Medvinskii A B, Tsyganov M A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 164 1041 (1994); Ivanitskii G R, Medvinskii A B, Tsyganov M A Phys. Usp. 37 961 (1994)
  75. Ivanitskii G R i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 168 1221 (1998); Ivanitskii G R et al. Phys. Usp. 41 1115 (1998)
  76. Onsager L Phys. Rev. 65 117 (1944)
  77. Onsager L Nuovo Cimento Suppl. 6 261 (1949)
  78. Mostepanenko V M, Trunov N N Effekt Kazimira i Ego Prilozheniya (M.: Energoatomizdat, 1990); Mostepanenko V M, Trunov N N The Casimir Effect And Its Applications (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1997)
  79. Glansdorff P, Prigogine I Thermodynamic Theory Of Structure, Stability And Fluctuations (London: Wiley-Intersci., 1971); Glensdorf P, Prigozhin I Termodinamicheskaya Teoriya Struktury, Ustoichivosti i Fluktuatsii (M.: Mir, 1973)
  80. Nicolis G, Prigogine I Self-organization In Nonequilibrium Systems: From Dissipative Structures To Order Through Fluctuations (New York: Wiley, 1977); Nikolis G, Prigozhin I Samoorganizatsiya v Neravnovesnykh Sistemakh: ot Dissipativnykh Struktur k Uporyadochennosti cherez Fluktuatsii (M.: Mir, 1979)
  81. Vasil’ev V A, Romanovskii Yu M, Yakhno V G Usp. Fiz. Nauk 128 626 (1979); Vasil’ev V A, Romanovskii Yu M, Yakhno V G Sov. Phys. Usp. 22 615 (1979)
  82. Ebeling W Strukturbildung Bei Irreversiblen Prozessen (Leipzig: Teubner, 1976); Ebeling V Obrazovanie Struktur pri Neobratimykh Protsessakh: Vvedenie v Teoriyu Dissipativnykh Struktur (M.: Mir, 1979)
  83. Prigogine I From Being To Becoming: Time And Complexity In The Physical Sciences (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1980); Prigozhin I Ot Sushchestvuyushchego k Voznikayushchemu: Vremya i Slozhnost’ v Fizicheskikh Naukakh (M.: Nauka, 1985)
  84. Bénard H Rev. Gén. Sci. Pures Appl. 11 1261 (1900); Bénard H Rev. Gén. Sci. Pures Appl. 11 1309 (1900)
  85. Zaikin A N, Zhabotinsky A M Nature 225 535 (1970)
  86. Zhabotinsky A M, Zaikin A N J. Theor. Biol. 40 45 (1973)
  87. Zhabotinskii A M Kontsentratsionnye Avtokolebaniya (M.: Nauka, 1974)
  88. Field R J, Koros E, Noyes R M J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94 8649 (1972)
  89. Winfree A T Science 175 634 (1972)
  90. Field R J, Noyes R M J. Chem. Phys. 60 1877 (1974)
  91. Smoes M-L Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 23 (4) 534 (1978)
  92. Vidal C, Roux J C, Rossi A J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 1241 (1980)
  93. Kadomtsev B B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 165 967 (1995); Kadomtsev B B Phys. Usp. 38 923 (1995)
  94. Blyumenfel’d L A Problemy Biologicheskoi Fiziki 2-e izd. (M.: Nauka, 1977); Blumenfeld L A Problems Of Biological Physics (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1981)
  95. Perutz M Selected Topics In The History Of Biochemistry (Comprehensive Biochemistry, Vol. 37, Eds G Semenza, R Jaenicke) (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990) p. 1-20
  96. Ivanitskii G R, Krinskii V I, Sel’kov E E Matematicheskaya Biofizika Kletki (M.: Nauka, 1978)
  97. Chernavskii D S Sinergetika i Informatsiya (M.: Nauka, 2001)
  98. Bongard M M Problemy Uznavaniya (M.: Nauka, 1967)
  99. Kharkevich A A "O tsennosti informatsii" Problemy Kibernetiki Vyp. 4 (M.: Fizmatgiz, 1960) p. 53
  100. Korogodin V I Informatsiya i Fenomen Zhizni (Pushchino, 1991)
  101. Von Neumann J V Mathematische Grundlagen Der Quantenmechanik (Berlin: J. Springer, 1932); Von Neumann J V Mathematical Foundations Of Quantum Mechanics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1955); Fon Neiman Dzh Matematicheskie Osnovy Kvantovoi Mekhaniki (M.: Mir, 1964)
  102. Wigner E P Symmetries And Reflections (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1970); Vigner E Etyudy o Simmetrii (M.: Mir, 1971)
  103. Schrödinger E Naturwissenschaften 23 807 (1935); Schrödinger E Naturwissenschaften 23 823 (1935); Schrödinger E Naturwissenschaften 23 844 (1935)
  104. Einstein A, Podolsky B, Rosen N Phys. Rev. 47 777 (1935)
  105. Bohr N Phys. Rev. 48 696 (1935)
  106. Kadomtsev B B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 173 1221 (2003); Kadomtsev B B Phys. Usp. 46 1183 (2003)
  107. Bell J S Physics 1 195 (1964)
  108. Fry E S, Thompson R C Phys. Rev. Lett. 37 465 (1976)
  109. Aspect A, Grangier P Lett. Nuovo Cimento 43 345 (1985)
  110. Everett H (III) Rev. Mod. Phys. 29 454 (1957)
  111. DeWitt B S, Graham N (Eds) The Many-Worlds Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1973)
  112. Wheeler J A, Zurek W H (Eds) Quantum Theory And Measurement (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1983)
  113. Menskii M B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 174 693 (2004); Menskii M B Phys. Usp. 47 637 (2004)
  114. Menskii M B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 173 1199 (2003); Menskii M B Phys. Usp. 46 1163 (2003)
  115. Menskii M B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 170 631 (2000); Menskii M B Phys. Usp. 43 585 (2000)
  116. Menskii M B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 168 1017 (1998); Menskii M B Phys. Usp. 41 923 (1998)
  117. Menskii M B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 175 413 (2005); Menskii M B Phys. Usp. 48 389 (2005)
  118. Feynman R P, Leighton R B, Sands M The Feynman Lectures On Physics Vol. 1 (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publ. Co. Reading, Mass., 1963); Feinman R, Leiton R, Sends M Feinmanovskie Lektsii Po Fizike Vol. 1 (M.: Mir, 1967)
  119. Astumian R D Science 276 917 (1997)
  120. Astumian R D, Hänggi P Phys. Today 55 (11) 33 (2002); Astumian R D, Hänggi P http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/theo1/hanggi/Papers/309.pdf
  121. Bissell R A et al. Nature 369 133 (1994)
  122. Astumian R D, Derényi I Eur. Biophys. J. 27 474 (1998)
  123. Kelly T R, De Silva H, Silva R A Nature 401 150 (1999)
  124. Koumura N et al. Nature 401 152 (1999)
  125. Brouwer A M et al. Science 291 2124 (2001)
  126. Parrondo J M R, de Cisneros B J Appl. Phys. A 75 179 (2002)
  127. Schliwa M (Ed.) Molecular Motors (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2003)
  128. Leigh D A et al. Nature 424 174 (2003)
  129. Thordarson P et al. Nature 424 915 (2003)
  130. Badjić J D et al. Science 303 1845 (2004)
  131. Hernández J V, Kay E R, Leigh D A Science 306 1532 (2004)
  132. Fletcher S P et al. Science 310 80 (2005)
  133. Liu Y et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 9745 (2005)
  134. Berná J et al. Nature Mater. 4 704 (2005)
  135. Shirai Y et al. Nano Lett. 5 2330 (2005)
  136. Hernández J V, Kay E R, Leigh D A Nature 440 163 (2006)
  137. Eelkema R et al. Nature 440 163 (2006)
  138. Muraoka T, Kinbara K, Aida T Nature 440 512 (2006)
  139. Sambongi Y Science 286 1722 (1999)
  140. Serreli V et al. Nature 445 523 (2007)
  141. Hoyle F, Wickramasinghe C Evolution From Space (London: Dent, 1981)
  142. Davis P W, Kenyon D H Of Pandas And People: The Central Question Of Biological Origins 2nd ed. (Dallas, TX: Haughton Publ. Co., 1993)
  143. Kutschera U, Niklas K L Naturwissenschaften 91 (6) 255 (2004)
  144. Ivanitskii G R i dr. Biofizika 30 418 (1986)
  145. Pasteur L "Lecçons sur la dissymétrie moléculaire" Leçons De Chimie Professées (Paris: Société chimique, 1860); Pasteur L Ostwald’s Klassiker Soret, Arch. Sc. Phys. Nat. Genève (28) (1890)
  146. Pasteur L Ann. Chim. Physique 38 (3) 437 (1953)
  147. Dawkins R The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1976)
  148. Moore J Sci. Am. 250 (5) 108 (1984); Mur Dzh V Mire Nauki (7) 48 (1984)
  149. Ivanitskii G R, Panfilov A V, Tsyganov M A Biofizika 32 354 (1987)
  150. Shlesinger M F, Zaslavsky G M, Klafter J Nature 363 31 (1993)
  151. Klafter J, Shlesinger M F, Zumofen G Phys. Today 49 (2) 33 (1996)
  152. Haken H Haken H Synergetics (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1978); Khaken G Sinergetika (M.: Mir, 1980)
  153. Levy P Théorie De L’Addition Des Variables Aléatoires (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1937)
  154. "Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis" Kommentarii Sankt-Peterburgskoi akademii (1738)
  155. Vinogradov I M (Gl. red.) Matematicheskaya Entsiklopediya Vol. 1 (M.: Sov. entsiklopediya, 1977) p. 412-422
  156. Von Neumann J, Morgenstern O Theory Of Games And Economic Behavior (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1944)
  157. Monastyrskii M I Usp. Fiz. Nauk 174 1371 (2004); Monastyrskii M I Phys. Usp. 47 1271 (2004)
  158. Ivanitskii G R i dr. Biofizika 40 60 (1995)
  159. Harmer G P, Abbott D Nature 402 864 (1999)
  160. Harmer G P, Abbott D Statistical Sci. 14 206 (1999)
  161. McDonnell M D, Abbott D Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 465 3309 (2009); McDonnell M D, Abbott D http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/07/31/rspa.2009.0312.abstract
  162. Tsyganov M A i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 177 275 (2007); Tsyganov M A et al. Phys. Usp. 50 263 (2007)
  163. Tsyganov M A, Biktashev V N, Ivanitskii G P Biofizika 54 704 (2009); Tsyganov M A, Biktashev V N, Ivanitsky G R Biophys. 54 513 (2009)
  164. Melkikh A V Biofizika 47 1134 (2002)
  165. Ivanitskii G R, Medvinskii A B Biofizika 47 1140 (2002); Ivanitsky G R, Medvinsky A B Biophys. 47 1059 (2002)
  166. Abarbanel’ G D i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 166 363 (1996); Abarbanel H D et al. Phys. Usp. 39 337 (1996)
  167. Borisyuk G N i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 172 1189 (2002); Borisyuk G N et al. Phys. Usp. 45 1073 (2002)
  168. Ivanitskii G R, Deev A A Biofizika 54 545 (2009); Ivanitsky G R, Deev A A A Biophysics 54 381 (2009); Ivanitsky G R, Deev A A http://www.springerlink.com/content/c187232241411777
  169. Pokrovskii V N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 164 397 (1994); Pokrovskii V N Phys. Usp. 37 375 (1994)
  170. McCammon J A, Gelin V R, Karplus M Nature 267 585 (1977)
  171. McCammon J A, Gelin V R, Karplus M Am. ISA (4) 4 (1986)
  172. Ringe D, Petsko G A Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 45 197 (1985)
  173. Ivanitskii G R Mir Glazami Biofizika (M.: Pedagogika, 1985)
  174. Pittendrigh C S Biological Rhythms (Ed. J Aschoff) (New York: Plenum Press, 1981); Pittendrikh K Biologicheskie Ritmy Vol. 1 (Pod red Yu Ashoffa) (M.: Mir, 1984) p. 22-53
  175. Bünning E Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 25 1 (1960)
  176. Aschoff J (Ed.) Biological Rythms (New York: Plenum Press, 1981); Ashoff Yu (Red.) Biologicheskie Ritmy Vol. 1, 2 (M.: Mir, 1984)
  177. Vernadskii V I Khimicheskoe Stroenie Biosfery Zemli i Ee Okruzheniya (M.: Nauka, 2001)
  178. Ivanitskii G R i dr. Biofizika 40 1265 (1995)
  179. Ivanitskii G R, Deev A A, Khizhnyak E P Problemy Regulyatsii v Biologicheskikh Sistemakh (Pod red. A B Rubina) (M. - Izhevsk: RKhD, 2007) p. 292-328
  180. Eigen M, Winkler R "Ludus Vitalis" Mannheimer Forum 73/74 (Heidelberg: Erwin Poell, 1973) p. 53; Eigen M, Vinkler R Igra Zhizni (M.: Nauka, 1979)
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions