RSS feeds
РусскийEnglish
Issue 10, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

2017

 / 

February

←  →

Reviews of topical problems


Third generation Cu-In-Ga-(S,-Se) based solar inverters

,
Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russian Federation

This paper reviews literature data on thin film solar cells with an absorbing quaternary layer of Cu-In-Ga-(S,-Se) (CIGS). The paper considers methods of preparation of CIGS layers and discusses the chemical composition, design features and operating principles of CIGS solar cells. The bulk of recent literature reveals how research in the field is starting to change: important results are being obtained by numerically simulating processes in thin-film solar cells; element concentration gradients in the CIGS structure, the spatially nonuniform band gap distribution, and layer grain boundaries are receiving increasing research attention for their respective roles; and kinetic studies are increasing.

Fulltext pdf (900 KB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2016.06.037827
Keywords: photovoltaics, thin films, solar cells, chalcopyrites, CIGS
PACS: 81.05.Hd, 84.60.Jt, 88.40.fc, 88.40.jn (all)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2016.06.037827
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2017/2/c/
000401039000003
2-s2.0-85019155292
2017PhyU...60..161N
Citation: Novikov G F, Gapanovich M V "Third generation Cu-In-Ga-(S,-Se) based solar inverters" Phys. Usp. 60 161–178 (2017)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Received: 23rd, March 2016, revised: 3rd, June 2016, 9th, June 2016

Оригинал: Новиков Г Ф, Гапанович М В «Солнечные преобразователи третьего поколения на основе Cu-In-Ga-(S, Se)» УФН 187 173–191 (2017); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2016.06.037827

References (228) ↓ Cited by (32) Similar articles (20)

  1. Green M A Solar Cell Materials. Developing Technologies (Eds G Conibeer, A Willoughby) (Chichester: Wiley, 2014) p. 84
  2. Zhao J et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 1991 (1998)
  3. Shockley W, Queisser H J J. Appl. Phys. 32 510 (1961)
  4. Milichko V A i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 186 801 (2016); Milichko V A et al. Phys. Usp. 59 727 (2016)
  5. Schropp R E Solar Cell Materials. Developing Technologies (Eds G Conibeer, A Willoughby) (Chichester: Wiley, 2014) p. 112
  6. Ghannam M, Abdulraheem Y, Shehada G Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 145 423 (2016)
  7. Ekins-Daukes N J Solar Cell Materials. Developing Technologies (Eds G Conibeer, A Willoughby) (Chichester: Wiley, 2014) p. 144
  8. Rakitin V V, Novikov G F Uspekhi Khimii 86 99 (2017); Rakitin V V, Novikov G F Russ. Chem. Rev. 86 99 (2017)
  9. Nikolenko L M, Razumov V F Uspekhi Khimii 82 429 (2013); Nikolenko L M, Razumov V F Russ. Chem. Rev. 82 429 (2013)
  10. Hoth C et al. Solar Cell Materials. Developing Technologies (Eds G Conibeer, A Willoughby) (Chichester: Wiley, 2014) p. 282
  11. Zaretskaya E P i dr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 70 (10) 141 (2000); Zaretskaya E P et al. Tech. Phys. 45 1371 (2000)
  12. Paire M et al. Solar Cell Materials. Developing Technologies (Eds G Conibeer, A Willoughby) (Chichester: Wiley, 2014) p. 215
  13. Horowitz K A W, Fu R, Woodhouse M Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 154 1 (2016)
  14. Baek E R et al. Current Appl. Phys. 11 S76 (2011)
  15. Chirilă A et al. Nature Mater. 10 857 (2011)
  16. Dhere N G Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 95 277 (2011)
  17. Repins I et al. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 16 235 (2008)
  18. von Roedern B, Ullal H S Proc. of the 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 11 - 16 May 2008, San Diego, CA, USA Vol. 1 (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2008) p. 161
  19. Metzger W K et al. Thin Solid Films 517 2360 (2009)
  20. Schumann B et al. Kristall Technik 16 71 (1980)
  21. Lee J W, Cohen J D, Shafarman W N Thin Solid Films 480-481 336 (2005)
  22. Schroeder D J et al. J. Appl. Phys. 83 1519 (1998)
  23. Novikov G F et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 4 011604 (2012)
  24. Metzger W K J. Appl. Phys. 103 094515 (2008)
  25. Miles R W, Zoppi G, Forbes I Mater. Today 10 (11) 20 (2007)
  26. Dhere N G Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 91 1376 (2007)
  27. Gremenok V F, Tivanov M S, Zalesckii V B Solnechnye Elementy na Osnove Poluprovodnikovykh Materialov (Minsk: Izdatel’skii tsentr BGU, 2007)
  28. Novoselova A V, Lazarev V B (Otv. red.) Fiziko-khimicheskie Svoistva Poluprovodnikovykh Veshchestv (M.: Nauka, 1978) p. 339
  29. Gremenok V F i dr. Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 36 360 (2002); Gremenok V F et al. Semiconductors 36 340 (2002)
  30. Park J S et al. J. Appl. Phys. 87 3683 (2000)
  31. Souilah M et al. J. Solid State Chem. 183 2274 (2010)
  32. Rudmann D Thesis of a Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Sciences (Zürich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 2004)
  33. Khoshsirat N et al. Optik 126 681 (2015)
  34. Brown G et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 022104 (2010)
  35. Tsai W-T et al. 23rd Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conf., PVSEC-23, Taiwan, China, October 28 - November 1, 2013 p. 21
  36. Shafarman W, Stolt L Handbook Of Photovoltaic Science And Engineering (Eds A Luque, S Hegedus) (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006) p. 54
  37. Wagner S, Bridenbaugh P M J. Cryst. Growth 39 151 (1997)
  38. Ishizuka S et al. J. Appl. Phys. 106 034908 (2009)
  39. Marudachalam M et al. J. Appl. Phys. 82 2896 (1997)
  40. Bekker J et al. Thin Solid Films 431-432 116 (2003)
  41. Ukhanov Yu I Opticheskie Svoistva Poluprovodnikov (M.: Nauka, 1977)
  42. Fahrenbruch A L, Bube R H Fundamentals Of Solar Cells: Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion (New York: Academic Press, 1983); Per. na russk. yaz., Farenbrukh A, B’yub R Solnechnye Elementy: Teoriya i Eksperiment (M.: Energoatomizdat, 1987)
  43. Sites J R Subcontract Report NREL/SR-520-44811 (2009); Sites J R http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/44811.pdf
  44. Smith A, Dutton D J. Phys. Chem. Solids 22 351 (1961)
  45. Jackson P et al. Phys. Status Solidi RRL 9 28 (2015)
  46. Rud’ V Yu i dr. Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 46 231 (2012); Rud V Y et al. Semiconductors 46 221 (2012)
  47. Zachmann H et al. Thin Solid Films 517 2209 (2009)
  48. Bai T R et al. J. Alloys Compounds 646 532 (2015)
  49. Congkang X et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 117 357 (2013)
  50. Venkatachalam M et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 92 571 (2008)
  51. Moharram A H, Hafiz M M, Salem A Appl. Surf. Sci. 172 61 (2001)
  52. Young M S et al. Current Appl. Phys. 15 18 (2015)
  53. Sunghun J et al. Current Appl. Phys. 10 990 (2010)
  54. Gapanovich M V i dr. Neorg. Mater. 50 836 (2014); Gapanovich M V et al. Inorg. Mater. 50 775 (2014)
  55. Oishi K et al. Thin Solid Films 517 1449 (2008)
  56. Ito K, Nakazawa T Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27 2094 (1988)
  57. Tanaka T et al. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 66 1978 (2005)
  58. Moriya K, Tanaka K, Uchiki H Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46 5780 (2007)
  59. Moriya K, Tanaka K, Uchiki H Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47 602 (2008)
  60. Katagiri H et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 49 407 (1997)
  61. Katagiri H et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 65 141 (2001)
  62. Kang S et al. J. Alloys Compounds 563 207 (2013)
  63. Liao K-H et al. Appl. Surf. Sci. 263 476 (2012)
  64. Seol J-S et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 75 155 (2003)
  65. Singh U P, Patra S P Int. J. Photoenergy 2010 19 (2010)
  66. Pethe S Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science (Tampa, FL: Univ. of South Florida, 2004)
  67. Gapanovich M V Patent RF №2567191 (2015)
  68. Marudachalam M et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 3978 (1995)
  69. Nakada T, Kunioka A Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37 L1065 (1998)
  70. Calixto M E et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 59 75 (1999)
  71. Yeh M-H et al. Solar Energy 125 415 (2016)
  72. Bocharova S I i dr. Ross. Nanotekhnologii 8 (5 - 6) 16 (2013); Bocharova S I et al. Nanotechnol. Russ. 8 292 (2013)
  73. Dhanam M et al. Phys. Status Solidi A 191 149 (2002)
  74. Lincot D et al. Solar Energy 77 725 (2004)
  75. Ribeaucourt L et al. Thin Solid Films 519 7241 (2011)
  76. Lai Y et al. Electrochim. Acta 54 3004 (2009)
  77. Bocharova S I et al. 5th Photovoltaic Technical Conf., Aix-en-Provence, France, May 21 - 23, 2014 p. D-1-1
  78. Jadhav H S et al. Appl. Surf. Sci. 268 391 (2013)
  79. Long F et al. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 152 012074 (2009)
  80. Gapanovich M V i dr. Kondensirovannye Sredy Mezhfaznye Granitsy 13 413 (2011)
  81. Bhattacharya R N et al. App. Phys. Lett. 75 1431 (1999)
  82. Yeh M-H et al. Solar Energy 132 547 (2016)
  83. Bhattacharya R N Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 113 96 (2013)
  84. Tanaka K et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 93 583 (2009)
  85. Mitzi D B et al. Adv. Mater. 20 3657 (2008)
  86. Uhl A R, Romanyuk Y E, Tiwari A N Thin Solid Films 519 7259 (2011)
  87. Ehrhardt M et al. Appl. Surf. Sci. 278 319 (2013)
  88. Liu C P, Chuang C L Powder Technol. 229 78 (2012)
  89. Marudachalam M et al. J. Appl. Phys. 82 2896 (1997)
  90. Chen J S et al. Solar Cells 30 451 (1991)
  91. Liu W et al. J. Phys. D 42 125303 (2009)
  92. Kinoshita A et al. Phys. Status Solidi C 3 2539 (2006)
  93. Liu W et al. Thin Solid Films 519 244 (2010)
  94. Baek E R et al. Current Appl. Phys. 11 S76 (2011)
  95. Chantana J et al. Renewable Energy 76 575 (2015)
  96. Lin T-Y et al. Nano Energy 19 269 (2016)
  97. Bouttemy M et al. Thin Solid Films 519 7207 (2011)
  98. Liu W et al. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 24 035019 (2009)
  99. Alberts V, Klenk M, Bucher E Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 64 371 (2000)
  100. Jackson P et al. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 19 894 (2010)
  101. Green M A et al. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 19 84 (2011)
  102. Otte K et al. Thin Solid Films 511-512 613 (2006)
  103. Gorji N E, Reggiani U, Sandrolini L Solar Energy 86 920 (2012)
  104. Hayashi T et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 93 922 (2009)
  105. Lundberg O, Edoff M, Stolt L Thin Solid Films 480-481 520 (2005)
  106. Gorji N E et al. Int. J. Eng. Technol. 4 573 (2012)
  107. Dullweber T et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 67 145 (2001)
  108. Decock K, Lauwaert J, Burgelman M Energy Procedia 2 49 (2010)
  109. Acevedo A M Energy Procedia 2 169 (2010)
  110. Rockett A Thin Solid Films 361-362 330 (2000)
  111. Song J et al. Solid-State Electron. 48 73 (2004)
  112. Frisk C et al. J. Phys. D 47 485104 (2014)
  113. Green M A Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 17 57 (2009)
  114. Pawlowski M et al. Thin Solid Films 535 336 (2013)
  115. Murata M et al. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53 04ER14 (2014)
  116. Kuo S-Y et al. Int. J. Photoenergy 2014 186579 (2014)
  117. Hirai Y, Kurokawa Y, Yamada A Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53 012301 (2014)
  118. Knecht R et al. Phys. Status Solidi A 210 1392 (2013)
  119. Burgelman M, Marlein J Proc. of References the 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf. and Exhibition, 1 - 5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain p. 2151
  120. Saadat M, Moradi M, Zahedifar M Superlatt. Microstruct. 92 303 (2016)
  121. Müller M et al. Thin Solid Films 535 270 (2013)
  122. Rega N et al. Thin Solid Films 480-481 286 (2005)
  123. Wei S-H, Zhang S B, Zunger A Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 3199 (1998)
  124. Couzinié-Devy F, Barreau N, Kessler J Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 19 527 (2011)
  125. Drobiazg T et al. 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conf. IEEE, PVSC, Tampa, FL, USA, 16 - 21 June 2013 p. 2572
  126. Orgis T, Maiberg M, Scheer R J. Appl. Phys. 114 214506 (2013)
  127. Bosio A, Romeo A (Eds) Thin Film Solar Cells: Current Status And Future Trends (New York: Nova Sci. Publ., 2011) p. 103
  128. Lincot D, Ortega-Borges R, Froment M Philos. Mag. B. 68 185 (1993)
  129. Dhanam M et al. Phys. Status Solidi A 191 149 (2002)
  130. Tseng B-H et al. J. Appl. Phys. 67 2637 (1990)
  131. Möller H J Semiconductors For Solar Cells (Boston: Artech House, 1993) p. 339
  132. Seto J Y W J. Appl. Phys. 46 5247 (1975)
  133. Persson C, Zunger A Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 266401 (2003)
  134. Siebentritt S et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 146601 (2006)
  135. Dirnstorfer I et al. Phys. Status Solidi A 168 163 (1998)
  136. Siebentritt S Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 95 1471 (2011)
  137. Yan Y et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 121904 (2005)
  138. Stanber B J Proc. of the 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conf., 3 - 7 January 205, Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA p. 355
  139. Reislöhner U, Ronning C Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 252111 (2012)
  140. Gray J L, Schwartz R J, Lee Y L Subcontract Report NREL/TP-451-6398 (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1994); Gray J L, Schwartz R J, Lee Y L http://nrel.ipac.dynixasp.com/
  141. Scheer R, Wilhelm M, Lewerenz H J J. Appl. Phys. 66 5412 (1989)
  142. Nishitani M et al. J. Appl. Phys. 82 3572 (1997)
  143. Taretto K, Rau U J. Appl. Phys. 103 094523 (2008)
  144. Gloeckler M, Sites J R, Metzger W K J. Appl. Phys. 98 113704 (2005)
  145. Ahrenkiel R K, Keyes B M, Levi D L Proc. of the 13th E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., PVSEC, Florence, Italy, 1995 p. 917
  146. Novikov G F et al. J. Renewable Suistandable Energy 4 011604 (2012)
  147. Novikov G F, Marinin A A, Rabenok E V Prib. Tekh. Eksp. (2) 83 (2010); Novikov G F, Marinin A A, Rabenok E V Instrum. Exp. Tech. 53 233 (2010)
  148. Bocharov K V "Vliyanie khimicheskogo sostava i defektov kristallicheskoi reshetki na protsessy zakhvata i rekombinatsii izbytochnykh nositelei toka v poluprovodnikakh AIBVII, AIIBVI, A IBIIICVI" Disc. ... kand. fiz.-mat. nauk (Chernogolovka: IPKhF RAN, 2012)
  149. Golovanov B I "Issledovaniya rekombinatsionnykh protsessov v mikrodispersnykh galogenidakh serebra metodom SVCh-fotoprovodimosti" Disc. ... Kand. Fiz.-mat. Nauk (Chernogolovka: IPKhF RAN, 2002)
  150. Radychev N A, Novikov G F Izv. RAN, Ser. Khim. 55 740 (2006); Radychev N A, Novikov G F Russ. Chem. Bull. 55 766 (2006)
  151. Coyle D Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 21 156 (2013)
  152. Del Cueto J A et al. Proc. of the 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 11 - 16 May 2008 Vol. 1 (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2009) p. 1
  153. Theelen M et al. Thin Solid Films 565 149 (2014)
  154. Theelen M et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 141 49 (2015)
  155. Bocharov K V i dr. Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 47 310 (2013); Bocharov K V et al. Semiconductors 47 335 (2013)
  156. Novikov G F, Bocharov K V Phys. Express 4 21 (2014)
  157. Zhang S B et al. Phys. Rev. B 57 9642 (1998)
  158. Medvedkin G A i dr. Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 35 1385 (2001); Medvedkin G A et al. Semiconductors 35 1329 (2001)
  159. Novikov G F J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7 011204 (2015)
  160. Salazar Y A et al. Brazilian J. Phys. 36 1058 (2006)
  161. Contreras M A et al. Thin Solid Films 403 204 (2002)
  162. Zinoviev K V, Zelaya-Angel O Mater. Chem. Phys. 70 100 (2001)
  163. Schwartz C et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 149 275 (2016)
  164. Bhattacharya R N, Ramanathan K Solar Energy 77 679 (2004)
  165. Nakada T, Mizutani M Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41 L165 (2002)
  166. Bhattacharya R N, Contreras M A, Teeter G Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43 L1475 (2004)
  167. Ahn B T et al. Pure Appl. Chem. 80 2091 (2008)
  168. Bayon R, Herrero J Appl. Surf. Sci. 158 49 (2000)
  169. Kushiya K et al. Thin Solid Films 517 2108 (2009)
  170. Nakada T, Hongo M, Hayashi E Thin Solid Films 431-432 242 (2003)
  171. Ennaoui A et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 67 31 (2001)
  172. Islam M M et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 93 970 (2009)
  173. Fang X S et al. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 24 520 (2008)
  174. Bhattacharya R N et al. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 66 1862 (2005)
  175. Ichiboshi A et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 90 3130 (2006)
  176. Long F et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 462 84 (2008)
  177. Fang X S et al. J. Mater. Chem. 18 509 (2008)
  178. Fang X et al. Adv. Mater. 21 2034 (2009)
  179. Spiering S et al. Thin Solid Films 582 328 (2015)
  180. Ummartyotin S, Infahsaeng Y Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 55 17 (2016)
  181. Kobayashi T, Li Kao Z J, Nakada T Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 143 159 (2015)
  182. El-Nahass M M et al. Physica B 425 23 (2013)
  183. Nakada T et al. Proc. of the 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Valencia, Spain, 2008 p. 2175
  184. Kushiya K et al. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35 4383 (1996)
  185. Sang B et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 75 179 (2003)
  186. Purohit A et al. Opt. Mater. 49 51 (2015)
  187. Witte W, Hariskos D, Powalla M Thin Solid Films 519 7549 (2011)
  188. Rabotkin S V "Nanesenie prozrachnykh provodyashchikh pokrytii na osnove oksida tsinka metodom magnetronnogo raspyleniya" Diss. ... kand. tekhn. nauk (Tomsk: Institut sil’notochnoi elektroniki, 2009)
  189. Chu D et al. Phys. Status Solidi A 206 718 (2009)
  190. Chatman S, Ryan B J, Poduska K M Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 01203 (2008)
  191. Sim H et al. J. Semicond. Technol. Sci. 15 267 (2015)
  192. Islam M M et al. Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 4026 (2011)
  193. Lee S et al. Mater. Lett. 85 88 (2012)
  194. Yilmaz M Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 40 99 (2015)
  195. Hwang Y et al. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 87 122 (2015)
  196. Yasui K et al. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 148 26 (2008)
  197. Ji Z, Mao Q, Ke W Solid State Commun. 150 1919 (2010)
  198. Gordillo G, Grizalez M, Hernandez L C Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 51 327 (1998)
  199. Yoon J H et al. J. Phys. D 44 425302 (2011)
  200. Salome P et al. J. Phys. D 43 345501 (2010)
  201. Kessler F, Rudmann D Solar Energy 77 685 (2004)
  202. Brémaud D J L "Investigation and development of CIGS solar cells on flexible substrates and with alternative electrical back contacts" Doctoral and Habilitation Theses (Zurich: ETH, 2009)
  203. Martínez M A et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. 148 61 (2001)
  204. Ishizuka S et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 124105 (2008)
  205. Pianezzi F et al. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 20 253 (2012)
  206. Nakada T et al. Proc. of the 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Hamburg, Germany, 2009 p. 2425
  207. Tuttle J R, Szalaj A, Keane J Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 2000. Conf. Record of the Twenty-Eighth IEEE, Anchorag, USA, 2000
  208. Liu W S et al. J. Alloys Compounds 631 146 (2015)
  209. Kessler F, Herrmann D, Powalla M Thin Solid Films 480-481 491 (2005)
  210. Rudmann D et al. J. Appl. Phys. 97 084903 (2005)
  211. Chirilă A et al. Nature Mater. 10 857 (2011)
  212. Wada T et al. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35 L1253 (1996)
  213. Powalla M, Dimmler B Thin Solid Films 361 540 (2000)
  214. He X et al. J. Alloys Compounds 658 12 (2016)
  215. Chen C C et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. 231 209 (2013)
  216. Lee M et al. Appl. Surf. Sci. 346 562 (2015)
  217. Rudmann D et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 1129 (2004)
  218. Scofield J H et al. Thin Solid Films 260 26 (1995)
  219. Zhou D et al. Appl. Surf. Sci. 362 202 (2016)
  220. Kaelin M, Rudmann D, Tiwari A N Solar Energy 77 749 (2004)
  221. Taunier S et al. Thin Solid Films 480-481 526 (2005)
  222. Assmann L et al. Appl. Surf. Sci. 246 159 (2005)
  223. Zhu X et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 101 57 (2012)
  224. Shafarman W N, Phillips J E Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1996., Conf. Record of the Twenty Fifth IEEE, Anchorag, USA, 1996 p. 917
  225. Bommersbach P et al. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 21 332 (2013)
  226. Guillemoles J F et al. Adv. Mater. 11 957 (1999)
  227. Kohara N et al. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 67 209 (2001)
  228. Niki S et al. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 18 453 (2010)
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions