RSS feeds
ÐóññêèéEnglish
Issue 4, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

2009

 / 

June

←  →

Oral issue of the journal “Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk”


Extreme states of matter on Earth and in space


Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Izhorskaya 13/19, Moscow, 127412, Russian Federation

This review is concerned with the results of studies into the behavior of substances at ultimately high pressures and temperatures obtainable by way of kinetic or electromagnetic energy cumulation in laboratory conditions. Also considered are the diversified states of matter and the processes occurring under gravitational forces and thermonuclear energy release.

Fulltext pdf (2.8 MB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.0179.200906h.0653
PACS: 07.35.+k, 29.20.−c, 42.62.−b, 97.60.−s (all)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.0179.200906h.0653
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2009/6/h/
000271221900008
2-s2.0-70449346534
2009PhyU...52..615F
Citation: Fortov V E "Extreme states of matter on Earth and in space" Phys. Usp. 52 615–647 (2009)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Îðèãèíàë: Ôîðòîâ Â Å «Ýêñòðåìàëüíûå ñîñòîÿíèÿ âåùåñòâà íà Çåìëå è â êîñìîñå» ÓÔÍ 179 653–687 (2009); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0179.200906h.0653

References (261) ↓ Cited by (175) Similar articles (6)

  1. Kirzhnits D A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 104 489 (1971); Kirzhnits D A Sov. Phys. Usp. 14 512 (1972)
  2. Fortov V E Usp. Fiz. Nauk 177 347 (2007); Fortov V E Phys. Usp. 50 333 (2007)
  3. Fortov V, Iakubov I, Khrapak A Physics Of Strongly Coupled Plasma (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006)
  4. Fortov V E, Khrapak A G, Yakubov I T Fizika Neideal’noi Plazmy (M.: Fizmatlit, 2004)
  5. Frontiers In High Energy Density Physics: The X-Games Of Contemporary Science (Washington, DC: National Acad. Press, 2003)
  6. Ginzburg V L Usp. Fiz. Nauk 174 1240 (2004); Ginzburg V L Phys. Usp. 47 1155 (2004)
  7. Ginzburg V L O Fizike i Astrofizike 3-e izd. (M.: Byuro Kvantum, 1995); Ginzburg V L The Physics Of A Lifetime (Berlin: Springer, 2001)
  8. Zasov A V, Postnov K A Obshchaya Astrofizika (Fryazino: Vek 2, 2006)
  9. Drake R P High-Energy-Density Physics (Berlin: Springer, 2006)
  10. Vacca J R The World’s 20 Greatest Unsolved Problems (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 2005)
  11. Fortov V E i dr. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 124 288 (2003); Fortov V E et al. JETP 97 259 (2003)
  12. Nellis W J Rep. Prog. Phys. 69 1479 (2006)
  13. Hammel B A, and the National Ignition Campaign Team Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 48 (12B) B497 (2006)
  14. Anisimov S I, Prokhorov A M, Fortov V E Usp. Fiz. Nauk 142 395 (1984); Anisimov S I, Prokhorov A M, Fortov V E Sov. Phys. Usp. 27 181 (1984)
  15. Knudson M D et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 225501 (2001)
  16. Grabovskii E V i dr. Pis’ma ZhETF 60 3 (1994); Grabovskii E V et al. JETP Lett. 60 1 (1994)
  17. Tit Lukretsii Kar O Prirode Veshchei (Velikie Mysliteli) (M.: Mir knigi, 2006)
  18. Ashcroft N W In High Pressure Phenomena (Eds R J Hemley et al.) (Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2002) p. 151
  19. Kirzhnits D A, Lozovik Yu E, Shpatakovskaya G V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 117 3 (1975); Kirzhnits D A, Lozovik Yu E, Shpatakovskaya G V Sov. Phys. Usp. 18 649 (1975)
  20. Fortov V E (Gl. red.) Entsiklopediya Nizkotemperaturnoi Plazmy (M.: Nauka, 2000)
  21. Hemley R J, Mao H K In High Pressure Phenomena (Eds R J Hemley et al.) (Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2002) p. 3
  22. Fortov V E Moshchnye Udarnye Volny i Ekstremal’nye Sostoyaniya Veshchestva (M.: Bukos, 2005)
  23. Kruer W L The Physics Of Laser Plasma Interactions (Redwood City, Calif.: Addison-Wesley, 1988)
  24. Atzeni S, Meyer-ter-Vehn J The Physics Of Inertial Fusion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004)
  25. Lindl J D Inertial Confinement Fusion (New York: Springer, 1998)
  26. Pukhov A Rep. Prog. Phys. 66 47 (2003)
  27. Mourou G, Tajima T, Bulanov S V Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 309 (2006)
  28. Hogan W J (Ed.) Energy From Inertial Fusion (Vienna: IAEA, 1995)
  29. Avrorin E N, Vodolaga B K, Simonenko V A, Fortov V E Usp. Fiz. Nauk 163 (5) 1 (1993); Avrorin E N, Vodolaga B K, Simonenko V A, Fortov V E Phys. Usp. 36 337 (1993)
  30. Caldirola P, Knoepfel H (Eds) Physics Of High Energy Density (New York: Academic Press, 1971); Kal’dirola P, Knopfel’ G (Red.) Fizika Vysokikh Plotnostei Energii (M.: Mir, 1974)
  31. Chen F F Introduction To Plasma Physics And Controlled Fusion 2nd ed. (New York: Plenum Press, 1984)
  32. Al’tshuler L V, Krupnikov K K, Fortov V E, Funtikov A I Vest. Ross. Akad. Nauk 74 1011 (2004); Al’tshuler L V, Krupnikov K K, Fortov V E, Funtikov A I Herald Russ. Acad. Sci. 74 613 (2004)
  33. Fortov V E, Al’tshuler L V, Trunin R F, Funtikov A I (Eds) High-Pressure Shock Compression Of Solids VII (New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004)
  34. Maksimov E G, Magnitskaya M V, Fortov V E Usp. Fiz. Nauk 175 793 (2005); Maksimov E G, Magnitskaya M V, Fortov V E Phys. Usp. 48 761 (2005)
  35. Al’tshuler L V i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 169 323 (1999); Al’tshuler L V et al. Phys. Usp. 42 261 (1999)
  36. Al’tshuler L V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 85 197 (1965); Al’tshuler L V Sov. Phys. Usp. 8 52 (1965)
  37. Filinov V S, Levashov P R, Bonits M, Fortov V E Fiz. Plazmy 31 760 (2005); Filinov V S, Levashov P R, Bonitz M, Fortov V E Plasma Phys. Rep. 31 700 (2005)
  38. Filinov V S et al. J. Phys. A 36 6069 (2003)
  39. Bezkrovniy V et al. Phys. Rev. E 70 057401 (2004)
  40. Fortov V E et al. Phys. Rep. 421 1 (2005)
  41. Loubeyre P, Occelli F, Le Toullec R Nature 416 613 (2002)
  42. Zel’dovich Ya B, Raizer Yu P Fizika Udarnykh Voln i Vysokotemperaturnykh Gidrodinamicheskikh Yavlenii 2-e izd. (M.: Nauka, 1966); Zel’dovich Ya B, Raizer Yu P Physics Of Shock Waves And High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena (Mineola, NY: Dover Publ., 2002)
  43. Fortov V E i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 174 495 (2004); Fortov V E et al. Phys. Usp. 47 447 (2004)
  44. Dubin D H E, O’Neil T M Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 87 (1999)
  45. Okun’ L B Leptony i Kvarki 2-e izd. (M.: Nauka, 1990); Okun L B Leptons And Quarks 2nd ed. (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1984)
  46. Okun’ L B Leptony i Kvarki (M.: Nauka, 1981); Okun L B Leptons And Quarks (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1982)
  47. Rubakov V A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 171 913 (2001); Rubakov V A Phys. Usp. 44 871 (2001)
  48. Schätz T, Schramm U, Habs D Nature 412 717 (2001)
  49. Schramm U et al. J. Phys. B 36 561 (2003)
  50. Pieranski P Contemp. Phys. 24 25 (1983)
  51. Russel W B, Saville D A, Schowalter W R Colloidal Dispersions (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989)
  52. Murray C A, Wenk R A In Strongly Coupled Plasma Physics (Eds H Van Horn, S Ichimaru) (Rochester, NY: Univ. of Rochester Press, 1993) p. 367
  53. Shashkin A A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 175 139 (2005); Shashkin A A Phys. Usp. 48 129 (2005)
  54. Fortov V E et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 185001 (2007)
  55. Konyukhov A V i dr. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 125 927 (2004); Konyukhov A V et al. JETP 98 811 (2004)
  56. Fortov V Intense Shock Waves And Extreme States Of Matter (Moscow: Bukos, 2005)
  57. Clark E L et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 670 (2000)
  58. Maksimchuk A et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 4108 (2000)
  59. Mackinnon A J et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 1769 (2001)
  60. Ryutov D D et al. Phys. Plasmas 8 1804 (2001)
  61. Burke D L et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 1626 (1997)
  62. Faber T E Fluid Dynamics For Physicists (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995)
  63. Bamber C et al. Phys. Rev. D 60 092004 (1999)
  64. Vladimirov A S i dr. Pis’ma ZhETF 39 69 (1984); Vladimirov A S et al. JETP Lett. 39 82 (1984)
  65. Avrorin E N, Simonenko V A, Shibarshov L I Usp. Fiz. Nauk 176 449 (2006); Avrorin E N, Simonenko V A, Shibarshov L I Phys. Usp. 49 432 (2006)
  66. Moses E I et al. Eur. Phys. J. D 44 215 (2007)
  67. Cavailler C Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 47 B389 (2005)
  68. Giorla J et al. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 48 B75 (2006)
  69. Andre M Conceptual Design of the French LMJ Laser (Monteray, 1999) p. 39
  70. Spielman R B et al. Phys. Plasmas 5 2105 (1998)
  71. Cuneo M E et al. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 48 R1 (2006)
  72. Quintenz J P, and Sandia’s Pulsed Power Team in 13th Intern. Conf. on High-Power Particle Beams, Nagaoka, Japan, June 2000
  73. Sharkov B Yu (Red.) Yadernyi Sintez s Inertsionnym Uderzhaniem (M.: Fizmatlit, 2005)
  74. Fortov V E, Khoffmann D, Sharkov B Yu Usp. Fiz. Nauk 178 113 (2008); Fortov V E, Hoffmann D H H, Sharkov B Yu Phys. Usp. 51 109 (2008)
  75. Belyaev V S i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 178 823 (2008); Belyaev V S et al. Phys. Usp. 51 793 (2008)
  76. Reinovsky R E et al. AIP Conf. Proc. 706 1191 (2004)
  77. Atlas project, LASL
  78. Wikipedia, Iskra laser, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISKRA_laser#iskra-6
  79. Sansone G et al. Science 314 443 (2006)
  80. Ditmire T et al. Phys. Rev. A 57 369 (1998)
  81. Boehler R Nature 363 534 (1993)
  82. Boehler R, Forzandonea D In High Pressure Phenomena (Eds R J Hemley et al.) (Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2002) p. 55
  83. Loubeyre P et al. High Pressure Res. 24 25 (2004)
  84. Zhernokletov M V, Zubarev V N, Trunin R F, Fortov V E Eksperimental’nye Dannye Po Udarnoi Szhimaemosti i Adiabaticheskomu Rasshireniyu Kondensirovannykh Veshchestv pri Vysokikh Plotnostyakh Energii (Chernogolovka: IKhF RAN, 1996)
  85. Bazanov O V i dr. Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 23 976 (1985); Bazanov O V et al. High. Temp. 23 781 (1985)
  86. Hawke P S et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 41 994 (1978)
  87. Pavlovski A I et al. In Megagauss Technology And Pulsed Power Applications (Eds C M Fowler, R S Caird, D J Erickson) (New York: Plenum Press, 1987) p. 255
  88. Gryaznov V K i dr. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 114 1242 (1998); Gryaznov V K et al. JETP 87 678 (1998)
  89. Gryaznov V K i dr. Khim. Fizika 17 (2) 33 (1998)
  90. Zhernokletov M V Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 36 (2) 231 (1998)
  91. Al’tshuler L V i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 166 575 (1996); Al’tshuler L V et al. Phys. Usp. 39 539 (1996)
  92. Trunin R F Usp. Fiz. Nauk 164 1215 (1994); Trunin R F Phys. Usp. 37 1123 (1994)
  93. Trunin R F i dr. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 62 1043 (1972); Trunin R F et al. Sov. Phys. JETP 35 550 (1972)
  94. Lebedev S V, Savvatimskii A I Usp. Fiz. Nauk 144 215 (1984); Lebedev S V, Savvatimskii A I Sov. Phys. Usp. 27 749 (1984)
  95. Zel’dovich Ya B, Landau L D Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 14 32 (1944); Landau L D, Zeldovich Ya B Acta Phys. Chem. USSR 18 194 (1943)
  96. Turchi P J, Baker W L J. Appl. Phys. 44 4936 (1973)
  97. Gasilov V A, Zakharov S V, Smirnov V P Pis’ma ZhETF 53 83 (1991); Gasilov V A, Zakharov S V, Smirnov V P JETP Lett. 53 85 (1991)
  98. Glidden S C et al. in 9th IEEE Intern. Pulsed Power Conf., Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, June 21 - 23, 1993: Digest of Technical Papers Vol. 1 (Eds K R Prestwich, W L Baker) (New York: IEEE, 1993) p. 459
  99. Chittenden J P et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 025003 (2007)
  100. Ryutov D D, Derzon M S, Matzen M K Rev. Mod. Phys. 72 167 (2000)
  101. Mokhov V N in Megagauss-IX: Proc. of 9th Intern. Conf. on Megagauss. Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics, 2002, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Russia (Eds V D Selemir, L N Plyashkevich) (Sarov: VNIIEF, 2004) p. 665
  102. Fortov V E (Ed.) Explosive-Driven Generators Of Powerful Electrical Current Pulses (Cambridge: Cambridge Int. Sci. Publ. Ltd, 2007)
  103. Boyko B A et al. in Megagauss. Magnetic Field Generation, Its Application to Science and Ultra-High Pulsed-Power Technology: Proc. VIIIth Intern. Conf. Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics, Tallahassee, Florida, USA, 18 - 23 October 1998 (Ed. H J Schneider-Muntau) (Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2004) p. 61
  104. Azizov E A et al. AIP Conf. Proc. 651 29 (2002)
  105. Glushkin V A et al. in BEAMS’98: Proc. 12th Intern. Conf. on High-Power Particle Beams, June 7 - 12, 1998, Haifa, Izrael, 1998 (Eds M Markonits, J Shiloh) (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 1998) p. 71
  106. Selemir V D et al. In Megagauss-X, Berlin, 2004 (Ed. M von Ortenberg) (Berlin: Humboldt Univ., 2005) p. 219
  107. Mourou G A, Barry C P J, Perry M D Phys. Today 51 (1) 22 (1998)
  108. Bahk S-W et al. Opt. Lett. 29 2837 (2004)
  109. Bulanov S V Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 48 (12B) B29 (2006)
  110. MAGPIE, http://dorland.pp.ph.ic.ac.uk/magpie/
  111. Unruh W G Phys. Rev. D 14 870 (1976)
  112. Schützhold R, Schaller G, Habs D Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 121302 (2006)
  113. Chen P, Tajima T Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 256 (1999)
  114. Strickland D, Mourou G Opt. Commun. 56 219 (1985)
  115. Strickland D, Mourou G Opt. Commun. 55 447 (1985)
  116. Maine P, Mourou G Opt. Lett. 13 467 (1988)
  117. Maine P et al. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24 398 (1988)
  118. Bunkenberg J et al. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 17 1620 (1981)
  119. Bula C et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 3116 (1996)
  120. Telnov V Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 472 43 (2001)
  121. Benuzzi-Mounaix A et al. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 48 (12B) B347 (2006)
  122. Pukhov A, Meyer-ter-Vehn J Appl. Phys. B 74 355 (2002)
  123. Beg F N et al. Phys. Plasmas 4 447 (1997)
  124. Norreys P A et al. Phys. Plasmas 6 2150 (1999)
  125. Sarkisov G S et al. Phys. Rev. E 59 7042 (1999)
  126. Bulanov S V, Naumova N M, Pegoraro F Phys. Plasmas 1 (3) 745 (1994)
  127. Kodama R et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 674 (2000)
  128. Mangles S P D et al. Nature 431 535 (2004)
  129. Maksimchuk A et al. Fiz. Plazmy 30 514 (2004); Maksimchuk A et al. Plasma Phys. Rep. 30 473 (2004)
  130. Esirkepov T, Yamagiwa M, Tajima T Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 105001 (2006)
  131. Disdier L et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 1454 (1999)
  132. Gahn C et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 2662 (2000)
  133. Esirkepov T Zh et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 175003 (2002)
  134. Mima K et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 1421 (1986)
  135. Burke D L et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 1626 (1997)
  136. Tatarakis M et al. Nature 415 280 (2002)
  137. Mason R J, Tabak M Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 524 (1998)
  138. Nakajima K et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 4428 (1995)
  139. Malka V et al. Science 298 1596 (2002)
  140. Kanel G I, Razorenov S V, Fortov V E Shock-Wave Phenomena And Properties Of Condensed Matter (New York: Springer, 2004)
  141. Rubakov V A, Shaposhnikov M E Phys. Lett. B 125 136 (1983)
  142. Arkani-Hamed N, Dimopoulos S, Dvali G Phys. Rev. D 59 086004 (1999)
  143. Giddings S B, Thomas S Phys. Rev. D 65 056010 (2002)
  144. Rubakov V A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 173 219 (2003); Rubakov V A Phys. Usp. 46 211 (2003)
  145. Zel’dovich Ya B, Popov V S Usp. Fiz. Nauk 105 403 (1973); Zel’dovich Ya B, Popov V S Sov. Phys. Usp. 14 673 (1972)
  146. Hawking S W Commun. Math. Phys. 43 199 (1975)
  147. Parker L Phys. Rev. 183 1057 (1969)
  148. Shearer J W et al. Phys. Rev. A 8 1582 (1973)
  149. Mima K AIP Conf. Proc. 740 387 (2004)
  150. Liang E P, Wilks S C, Tabak M Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 4887 (1998)
  151. Narozhny N B et al. Phys. Lett. A 330 1 (2004)
  152. Galy J et al. New J. Phys. 9 23 (2007)
  153. Schwoerer H et al. Europhys. Lett. 61 47 (2003)
  154. Ledingham K W D et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 899 (2000)
  155. Umstadter D Nature 404 239 (2000)
  156. Malka G et al. Phys. Rev. E 66 066402 (2002)
  157. Magill J et al. Appl. Phys. B 77 387 (2003)
  158. Ledingham K W D, McKenna P, Singhal R P Science 300 1107 (2003)
  159. Chiu C et al. Med. Phys. 31 2042 (2004)
  160. Leemans W P et al. Phys. Plasmas 8 2510 (2001)
  161. Cowan T E et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 903 (2000)
  162. Tajima T AIP Conf. Proc. 569 77 (2001)
  163. Fujiwara M, Kawase K, Titov A T AIP Conf. Proc. 802 246 (2005)
  164. Novikov I D Usp. Fiz. Nauk 171 859 (2001); Novikov I D Phys. Usp. 44 817 (2001)
  165. Karsch F AIP Conf. Proc. 842 20 (2006)
  166. Rubakov V A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 177 407 (2007); Rubakov V A Phys. Usp. 50 390 (2007)
  167. Riordan M, Zajc W A Sci. Am. 294 (5) 35 (2006); Raiorden M, Zeits U V Mire Nauki (8) 21 (2006)
  168. Gyulassy M, McLerran L Nucl. Phys. A 750 30 (2005)
  169. Langanke K in A FAIR Chance for Nuclear Astrophysics, Kick-Off Event and Symp. on the physics at FAIR, November 7 - 8, 2007
  170. Hoffmann D H H et al. Phys. Plasmas 9 3651 (2002)
  171. Baumung K et al. Laser Part. Beams 14 181 (1996)
  172. Mesyats G A Impul’snaya Energetika i Elektronika (M.: Nauka, 2004)
  173. Fortov V, Rudakov L, Ni A Sov. Technol. Rev. B 371 589 (1992)
  174. Kanel’ G I, Razorenov S V, Utkin A V, Fortov V E Udarnovolnovye Yavleniya v Kondensirovannykh Sredakh (M.: Yanus-K, 1996)
  175. Kanel’ G I, Fortov V E, Razorenov S V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 177 809 (2007); Kanel’ G I, Fortov V E, Razorenov S V Phys. Usp. 50 771 (2007)
  176. Rosmej O N et al. Phys. Rev. A 72 052901 (2005)
  177. Efremov V P i dr. Pis’ma ZhETF 81 468 (2005); Efremov V P et al. JETP Lett. 81 378 (2005)
  178. Mintsev V et al. Contrib. Plasma Phys. 39 45 (1999)
  179. Tahir N A et al. Contrib. Plasma Phys. 45 229 (2005)
  180. Tahir N A et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 035001 (2005)
  181. Mrówczyński S, Thoma M H Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 57 61 (2007)
  182. Hands S Contemp. Phys. 42 (4) 209 (2001)
  183. Glendenning N K Compact Stars : Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics, And General Relativity 2nd ed. (New York: Springer, 2000)
  184. Shuryak E V Phys. Rep. 61 71 (1980)
  185. Shuryak E V Phys. Lett. B 78 150 (1978)
  186. Kalashnikov O K, Klimov V V Phys. Lett. B 88 328 (1979)
  187. Kapusta J I Nucl. Phys. B 148 461 (1979)
  188. Collins J C, Perry M J Phys. Rev. Lett. 34 1353 (1975)
  189. Baym G, Chin S A Phys. Lett. B 62 241 (1976)
  190. Freedman B A, McLerran L D Phys. Rev. D 16 1169 (1977)
  191. Chapline G, Nauenberg M Phys. Rev. D 16 450 (1977)
  192. Adams J et al. (STAR Collab.) Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 062301 (2004)
  193. Sorensen P R Ph.D. Thesis (Los Angeles, Calif.: Univ. of California, 2003); Sorensen P R nucl-ex/0309003
  194. Adams J et al. (STAR Collab.) Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 052302 (2004)
  195. Adler S S et al. (PHENIX Collab.) Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 182301 (2003)
  196. Alt C et al. Phys. Rev. C 68 034903 (2003)
  197. Baym G "Matter under extreme conditions", July 2007
  198. Gyulassy M, Plümer M Nucl. Phys. A 527 641 (1991)
  199. Gyulassy M et al. Nucl. Phys. A 538 37 (1992)
  200. Wang X-N, Gyulassy M Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 1480 (1992)
  201. Stöcker H et al. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 4 133 (1980)
  202. Gyulassy M "Quark gluon plasmas: Femto cosmology with A+A @LHC", July 2008
  203. Cherepashchuk A M, Chernin A D Vselennaya, Zhizn’, Chernye Dyry (Fryazino: Vek 2, 2004)
  204. Lyutikov M Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 367 1594 (2006)
  205. Leemans W P et al. Phys. Plasmas 11 2899 (2004)
  206. Takabe H In Edward Teller Lectures (Eds M Hora, G H Miley) (Sydney: Univ. South Sydney, 2004) p. 331
  207. Nellis J W In High Pressure Phenomena (Eds R J Hemley et al.) (Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2002) p. 607
  208. Balega Yu Yu Usp. Fiz. Nauk 172 945 (2002); Balega Yu Yu Phys. Usp. 45 883 (2002)
  209. Allard F et al. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 35 137 (1997)
  210. Chabrier G, Baraffe I Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 38 337 (2000)
  211. Koester D Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 11 (1) 33 (2002)
  212. Rebolo R, Martin E L, Zapatero Osorio M R (Eds) Brown Dwarfs And Extrasolar Planets (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 1998)
  213. Klumov B A i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 164 617 (1994); Klumov B A et al. Phys. Usp. 37 577 (1994)
  214. Fortov V E i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 166 391 (1996); Fortov V E et al. Phys. Usp. 39 363 (1996)
  215. Kaplan S A Fizika Zvezd 2-e izd. (M.: Nauka, 1970); Kaplan S A The Physics Of Stars (Chichester: Wiley, 1982)
  216. Rubin S G Ustroistvo Nashei Vselennoi (Fryazino: Vek 2, 2006)
  217. Levin A Populyarnaya Mekhanika (8) 38 (2007)
  218. HUBBLESITE, http://hubblesite.org/
  219. Mezzacappa A Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 55 467 (2005)
  220. Rodionova Zh F, Surdin V G v Sb. Astronomiya: Vek XXI (Red.-sost. V G Surdin) (Fryazino: Vek 2, 2007) p. 34
  221. Shevchenko V V v Kn. Sovremennoe Estestvoznanie. Entsiklopediya (Pod red. V N Soifera) (M.: Nauka, 1999)
  222. Gelliot T (2007)
  223. Yakovlev D G, Levenfish K P, Shibanov Yu A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 169 825 (1999); Yakovlev D G, Levenfish K P, Shibanov Yu A Phys. Usp. 42 737 (1999)
  224. Haensel P, Potekhin A Y, Yakovlev D G Neutron Stars 1: Equation Of State And Structure (New York: Springer, 2007)
  225. Shapiro S L, Teukolsky S A Black Holes, White Dwarfs, And Neutron Stars (New York: Wiley, 1983); Shapiro S, Tyukolski S Chernye Dyry, Belye Karliki, Neitronnye Zvezdy (M.: Mir, 1985)
  226. Kirzhnits D A Lektsii Po Fizike (M.: Nauka, 2006)
  227. Istomin Ya N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 178 880 (2008); Istomin Ya N Phys. Usp. 51 844 (2008)
  228. Page D, Applegate J H Astrophys. J. Lett. 394 L17 (1992)
  229. Kuveloktu K, Dunkan R, Tompson K v Sb. Kosmos: Vselennaya, Galaktiki, Zvezdy, Planety: Al’manakh (Red.-sost. V G Surdin) (M.: V mire nauki, 2006) p. 134
  230. Cherepashchuk A M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 166 809 (1996); Cherepashchuk A M Phys. Usp. 39 759 (1996)
  231. Hawking S W A Brief History Of Time: From The Big Bang To Black Holes (Toronto: Bantam Books, 1988); Khoking S Kratkaya Istoriya Vremeni: Ot Bol’shogo Vzryva do Chernykh Dyr (SPb.: Amfora, 2007)
  232. Karnakov B M, Mur V D, Popov V S Pis’ma ZhETF 65 391 (1997); Karnakov B M, Mur V D, Popov V S JETP Lett. 65 405 (1997)
  233. Popov V S, Karnakov B M, Mur V D Phys. Lett. A 229 306 (1997)
  234. Kardashev N S, Novikov I D, Shatskii A A Astron. Zhurn. 83 675 (2006); Kardashev N S, Novikov I D, Shatskii A A Astron. Rep. 50 601 (2006)
  235. Shinkai H, Hayward S A Phys. Rev. D 66 044005 (2002)
  236. Lobo F S N Phys. Rev. D 71 084011 (2005)
  237. Panasyuk M I Stranniki Vselennoi ili Ekho Bol’shogo Vzryva (Fryazino: Vek 2, 2005)
  238. Fabrika S Astrophys. Space Phys. Rev. 12 1 (2004)
  239. Willingale L et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 245002 (2006)
  240. Kando M et al. J. Nucl. Mater. 248 405 (1997)
  241. Surdin V G Rozhdenie Zvezd (M.: Editorial URSS, 1999)
  242. Aschwanden M J Physics Of The Solar Corona: An Introduction With Problems And Solutions (Berlin: Springer, 2006) p. 869
  243. Nishida A Space Sci. Rev. 91 507 (2000)
  244. Zelenyi L M i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 175 643 (2005); Zelenyi L M et al. Phys. Usp. 48 615 (2005)
  245. Ayukov S V i dr. Pis’ma ZhETF 80 163 (2004); Ayukov S V et al. JETP Lett. 80 141 (2004)
  246. Greisen K Phys. Rev. Lett. 16 748 (1966)
  247. Surdin V G v Sb. Astronomiya: Vek XXI (Red.-sost. V G Surdin) (Fryazino: Vek 2, 2007) p. 267
  248. Meszaros P, Rees M J Astrophys. J. 405 278 (1993)
  249. Price P A et al. Astrophys. J. 51 (2002)
  250. Blinnikov S I i dr. Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 10 422 (1984); Blinnikov S I et al. Sov. Astron. Lett. 10 177 (1984)
  251. Kodama R et al. Nature 412 798 (2001)
  252. Sunyaev R A, Zeldovich Ya B Nature 223 721 (1969)
  253. Zel’dovich Ya B, Levich E V, Syunyaev R A Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 62 1392 (1972)
  254. Drake R P et al. Phys. Plasmas 11 2829 (2004)
  255. Arnett D Astrophys. J. 427 932 (1994)
  256. McCray R Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 31 175 (1993)
  257. Remington B A et al. Phys. Plasmas 4 1994 (1997)
  258. Sazhin M V v Kn. Sovremennoe Estestvoznanie. Entsiklopediya (Pod red. V N Soifera) (M.: Nauka, 1999)
  259. Khu U, Uait M v Sb. Kosmos: Vselennaya, Galaktiki, Zvezdy, Planety: Al’manakh (Red.-sost. V G Surdin) (M.: V mire nauki, 2006) p. 42
  260. Fermi E "Notes on thermodynamics and statistics" (1953); Fermi E Notes On Thermodynamics And Statistics (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1966)
  261. Waxman E Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 48 (12B) B137 (2006)
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions