Physical phenomena during biological freezing and thawing processes at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ levels are examined. The basics of cryosurgery and cryopreservation of cells and tissues are presented. Existing cryobiological models, including numerical ones, are reviewed.

PACS: 44.05.+e, 81.10.−h, 87.15.Aa, 87.54.Br (all) DOI: 10.1070/PU2008v051n03ABEH006449 URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2008/3/b/ 000257460000002 2-s2.0-47349131253 2008PhyU...51..231Z Citation: Zhmakin A I "Physical aspects of cryobiology" Phys. Usp. 51 231–252 (2008) BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks Оригинал: Жмакин А И «Физические основы криобиологии» УФН 178 243–266 (2008); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0178.200803b.0243