RSS feeds
РусскийEnglish
Issue 11, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

2022

 / 

June

←  →

Reviews of topical problems


Towards molecular laser separation of uranium isotopes

† 
Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Fizicheskaya 5, Troitsk, Moscow, 108840, Russian Federation

About half a century ago, active research began on the use of lasers for the separation of isotopes, including uranium isotopes. In a number of highly developed countries, projects on laser separation of uranium isotopes were initiated. However, in the late 1990s, these projects were closed. At the same time, research on laser separation of uranium isotopes is being carried out in a number of countries at the present time. Research today is mainly focused on the development of low energy methods. A review of the results of studies on molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) of uranium is presented. MLIS methods, including low-energy methods, as well as the physicochemical processes underlying them, are considered. The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of UF6 molecules, which form the basis of uranium MLIS methods, are presented and discussed. Lasers that have been developed and used to excite and dissociate UF6 molecules are briefly described. The results of studies on laser dissociation of UF6 molecules using different excitation schemes and laser separation of uranium isotopes are presented and analyzed. Applications of low-energy MLIS methods, including SILEX technology, for the separation of uranium isotopes are considered. In the context of molecular laser separation of uranium isotopes using low-energy methods, the recently obtained results on the separation of isotopes in SF6 and CF3Br molecules, which are close analogs of UF6 molecules in a number of spectroscopic properties, are presented and analyzed. Approaches that can be a promising alternative to low-energy MLIS methods are discussed. Data on the efficiency of some laser methods and their comparison with each other are given. A brief historical excursion into research on laser separation of uranium isotopes is given.

Fulltext pdf (1.1 MB)
To the readers pdf (88 KB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2021.02.038942
Keywords: atoms, molecules, clusters, uranium, molecular and cluster beams, laser spectroscopy, laser-induced selective processes in molecules and clusters, laser separation of isotopes, laser physics
PACS: 07.77.Gx, 28.60.+s, 33.80.−b, 36.40.−c, 42.62.−b, 42.62.Fi, 82.50.Bc (all)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2021.02.038942
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2022/6/a/
001100839200001
2-s2.0-85172424575
2022PhyU...65..531M
Citation: Makarov G N "Towards molecular laser separation of uranium isotopes" Phys. Usp. 65 531–566 (2022)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Received: 17th, December 2020, revised: 17th, February 2021, 25th, February 2021

Оригинал: Макаров Г Н «На пути к молекулярному лазерному разделению изотопов урана» УФН 192 569–608 (2022); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2021.02.038942

References (288) ↓ Cited by (8) Similar articles (20)

  1. Ambartsumyan R V, Kalinin V P, Letokhov V S JETP Lett. 13 217 (1971); Ambartsumyan R V, Kalinin V P, Letokhov V S Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 13 305 (1971)
  2. Ambartsumyan R V et al JETP Lett. 17 63 (1973); Ambartsumyan R V et al Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 17 91 (1973)
  3. Ambartsumyan R V et al JETP Lett. 20 273 (1974); Ambartsumyan R V et al Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20 597 (1974)
  4. Ambartsumyan R V et al JETP Lett. 21 171 (1975); Ambartsumyan R V et al Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 21 375 (1975)
  5. Ambartsumyan R V et al JETP Lett. 22 43 (1975); Ambartsumyan R V et al Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 22 96 (1975)
  6. Metz W D Science 185 602 (1974)
  7. Guyot J et al. "Uranium enrichment activities: the SILVA program", Demande d’autorisation NIG No. 316, DCC, SACLAY, DPE, 28 Jun 94, Greenland P T "Laser Program Annual Report - 1975" Contemp. Phys. UCRL-50021-75 Vol. 31 (4) (Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Univ. of California, 1990) p. 405 https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollection-Store/_Public/27/010/27010992.pdf?r=1&r=1
  8. Camarcat N et al Proc. SPIE 1859 14 (1993)
  9. "Soviet Research on Laser Isotope Separation for Uranium Enrichment". Central Intelligence Agency. Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0000680142
  10. Ramakoteswara Rao P Current Sci. 85 615 (2003)
  11. Mathi P et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India A (2015)
  12. Schneider K R Proc. of the 6th Intern. Symp. on Advanced Nuclear Energy Research. Innovative Laser Technologies in Nuclear Energy, March 23-25, 1994 at Mito Plaza Hotel, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan, 1995 (Mito: Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1995) p. 280; https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/27/014/27014297.pdf
  13. Becker F S, Kompa K L Nucl. Technol. 58 329 (1982)
  14. Meyer-Kretschmer G, Jetter H Naturwissenschaften 70 7 (1983)
  15. Kato S et al Intern. Symp. Advanced Nuclear Energy Research. Near-Future Chemistry in Nuclear Fuel, Tokyo (1989) p. 53
  16. Paisner J A (Ed.) Laser Isotope Separation, 19-20 January 1993, Los Angeles, California (Proc. SPIE) Vol. 1859 (Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 1993)
  17. Eerkens J W (Ed.) Selected Papers On Laser Isotope Separation - Science And Technology (SPIE Milestone Series) Vol. MS 113 (Bellingham, WA: SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1995) p. 108-147, 257-687
  18. Baranov V Yu et al Izotopy: Svoistva, Poluchenie, Primenenie (Isotopes: Properties, Production, Application) Vol. 1 (Ed. V Yu Baranov) (Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2005) p. 474
  19. Bokhan P A et al Laser Isotope Separation In Atomic Vapor (Berlin: Wiley-VCH, 2006)
  20. Radziemski L J, Solarz R W, Paisner J A (Eds) Laser Spectroscopy And Its Applications (Optical Engineering) Vol. 11 (New York: M. Dekker, 1987), Ch. 3
  21. Grigor’ev I S, Labozin V P, Pesnya A V Izotopy: Svoistva, Poluchenie, Primenenie (Isotopes: Properties, Production, Application) Vol. 1 (Ed. V Yu Baranov) (Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2005) p. 374
  22. Fuß W "Laser isotope separation and proliferation risks" Report MPQ 346, February 2015 (Garching: Max-Planck-Institute für Quantenopt, 2015); https://www.mpq.mpg.de/5178012/MPQ346.pdf
  23. Atomic energy 2.0, https://www.atomic-energy.ru/Megatons-to-Megawatts?
  24. "Megatons to Megawatts program concludes", World Nuclear News, 11 December 2013, https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/ENF-Megatons-to-Megawatts-program-concludes-1112134.html
  25. Eerkens J W Nucl. Sci. Eng. 150 1 (2005)
  26. Kim J W et al "Current status of the MLIS uranium enrichment process" Proc. of the Korean Nuclear Society Spring Meeting, Korea, May 22, 2009
  27. Eerkens J W, Kim J AIChE J. 56 2331 (2010)
  28. Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 58 670 (2015); Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 185 717 (2015)
  29. Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 63 245 (2020); Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 190 264 (2020)
  30. Silex Systems Ltd, http://www.silex.com.au
  31. Silex: History, https://www.silex.com.au/silex-technology/silex-uranium-enrichment-technology/
  32. SILEX Process, http://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Silex_Process.html
  33. SILEX Uranium Enrichment, SILEX Annual Report 2019, https://SILEX Uranium Enrichment, SILEX Annual Report 2019
  34. SILEX Uranium Enrichment, SILEX Annual Report 2020, http://www.silex.com.au
  35. "Skol’ko atomnykh stantsii rabotaet v mire i v Rossii?" ("How many atomic stations are working in the world and Russia?"). Website of JSC Atomenergomash, http://www.aem-group.ru/mediacenter/informatoriy/skolko-atomnyix-stanczij-rabotaet-v-mire-i-v-rossii.html
  36. Bekman I N, Yadernaya Industriya (Nuclear Industry). Special Course. Lecture 35. Ekonomicheskie aspekty yadernoi industrii (Economical Aspects of Nuclear Industry), p. 20, http://profbeckman.narod.ru/NIL35.pdf
  37. Letokhov V S Lazernaya Foto-ionizatsionnaya Spektroskopiya (Laser Photoionization Spectroscopy) (Moscow: Nauka, 1987)
  38. Letokhov V S Nelineinye Selektivnye Fotoprotsessy V Atomakh I Molekulakh (Nonlinear Selective Processes In Atoms And Molecules) (Moscow: Nauka, 1983)
  39. Gurvich L V et al Energii Razryva Khimicheskikh Svyazei. Potentsialy Ionizatsii I Srodstvo K Elektronu (Dissociation Energy Of Chemical Bonds. Ionization Potentials And The Electron Affinity, Exec. Ed. V N Kondrat’ev) (Moscow: Nauka, 1974)
  40. Lide D R (Ed.) Handbook Of Chemistry And Physics 74th ed. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1993-1994)
  41. Hildenbrand D J. Chem. Phys. 66 4788 (1977)
  42. Letokhov V S Nature 277 605 (1979)
  43. Yeung E S, Moore C B Appl. Phys. Lett. 21 109 (1972)
  44. Letokhov V S Chem. Phys. Lett. 15 221 (1972)
  45. Letokhov V S, Moore C B Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 6 129 (1976); Letokhov V S, Moore C B Kvantovaya Elektron. 3 248 (1976); Letokhov V S, Moore C B Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 6 259 (1976); Letokhov V S, Moore C B Kvantovaya Elektron. 3 485 (1976)
  46. Ambartsumyan R V et al JETP Lett. 15 501 (1972); Ambartsumyan R V et al Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 15 709 (1972)
  47. Ambartzumian R V et al Chem. Phys. Lett. 16 252 (1972)
  48. Ambartsumyan R V et al Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 211 365 (1973)
  49. Knyazev I N et al Appl. Phys. 17 427 (1978)
  50. Ambartsumyan R V et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 8 910 (1978); Ambartsumyan R V et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 5 1593 (1978)
  51. Kim K C et al J. Chem. Phys. 78 32 (1983)
  52. Alexandre M et al J. Chim. Phys. 80 331 (1983)
  53. Isenor N R et al Canad. J. Phys. 51 1281 (1973)
  54. Ambartzumian R V et al Chem. Phys. Lett. 25 515 (1974)
  55. Lyman J L et al Appl. Phys. Lett. 27 87 (1975)
  56. Bagratashvili V N et al Multiple Photon Infrared Laser Photophysics And Photochemistry (Chur: Harwood Acad. Publ., 1985)
  57. Cantrell C D (Ed.) Multiple-Photon Excitation And Dissociation Of Polyatomic Molecules (Topics in Current Physics) Vol. 35 (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986)
  58. Lyman J L Laser Spectroscopy And Its Applications (Optical Engineering) Vol. 11 (Eds L J Radziemski, R W Solarz, J A Raisner) (New York: M. Dekker, 1987) p. 417
  59. Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 48 37 (2005); Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 175 41 (2005)
  60. Baranov V Yu et al Fiziko-khimicheskie Protsessy Pri Selektsii Atomov I Molekul: Sbornik Dokladov 2-i Vserossiiskoi Nauchnoi Konf., 29 Sentyabrya -- 3 Oktyabrya 1997, Zvenigorod (Physicochemical Processes In The Selection Of Atoms And Molecules: Collection Of Reports Of The 2nd Scientific Conf., 29 September - 3 October, 1997, Zvenigorod, Eds V Yu Baranov, Yu A Kolesnikov) (Moscow: TsNIIatominform, 1997) p. 21
  61. Baranov V Yu (Ed.) Izotopy: Svoistva, Poluchenie, Primenenie (Isotopes: Properties, Production, Application) (Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2005)
  62. Letokhov V S, Ryabov E A Izotopy: Svoistva, Poluchenie, Primenenie (Isotopes: Properties, Production, Application) Vol. 1 (Ed. V Yu Baranov) (Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2005) p. 445
  63. Baranov V Yu Izotopy: Svoistva, Poluchenie, Primenenie (Isotopes: Properties, Production, Application) Vol. 1 (Ed. V Yu Baranov) (Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2005) p. 460
  64. Ambartsumyan R V et al JETP Lett. 23 194 (1976); Ambartsumyan R V et al Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 23 217 (1976)
  65. Ambartzumian R V et al Opt. Commun. 18 517 (1976)
  66. Ambartsumyan R V et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 7 904 (1977); Ambartsumyan R V et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 4 1590 (1977)
  67. Ambartzumian R V et al Opt. Lett. 1 22 (1977)
  68. Bagratashvili V N et al Opt. Commun. 18 525 (1976)
  69. Akulin V M et al JETP Lett. 25 400 (1977); Akulin V M et al Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 25 428 (1977)
  70. Ambartzumian R V et al Chem. Phys. Lett. 45 231 (1977)
  71. Ambartzumian R V et al Opt. Commun. 25 69 (1978)
  72. Ambartzumian R V, Makarov G N, Puretzky A A Opt. Commun. 27 79 (1978)
  73. Zellweger J-M et al Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 522 (1984)
  74. Philippoz J M et al J. Phys. Chem. 88 3936 (1984)
  75. Philippoz J-M et al Surf. Sci. 156 701 (1985)
  76. Philippoz J-M et al Berichte Bunsengesellschaft Phys. Chem. 89 (3) 291 (1985)
  77. Van den Bergh H Laser Optoelektron. (3) 263 (1985)
  78. Apatin V M et al J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 125 531 (2017); Apatin V M et al Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 152 627 (2017)
  79. Apatin V M et al Quantum Electron. 48 157 (2018); Apatin V M et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 48 157 (2018)
  80. Apatin V M et al J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 127 244 (2018); Apatin V M et al Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 154 287 (2018)
  81. Makarov G N, Ogurok N-D D, Petin A N Quantum Electron. 48 667 (2018); Makarov G N, Ogurok N-D D, Petin A N Kvantovaya Elektron. 48 667 (2018)
  82. Lokhman V N et al Laser Phys. 28 105703 (2018)
  83. Lokhman V N et al J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 128 188 (2019); Lokhman V N et al Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 155 216 (2019)
  84. Petin A N, Makarov G N Quantum Electron. 49 593 (2019); Petin A N, Makarov G N Kvantovaya Elektron. 49 593 (2019)
  85. Apatin V M et al Opt. Spectrosc. 127 61 (2019); Apatin V M et al Opt. Spektrosk. 127 66 (2019)
  86. Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 60 227 (2017); Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 187 241 (2017)
  87. Kappes M, Leutwyler S Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 1 (Ed. G Scoles) (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988) p. 380
  88. Janda K C Adv. Chem. Phys. 60 201 (1985)
  89. Celii F G, Janda K C Chem. Rev. 86 507 (1986)
  90. Miller R E J. Phys. Chem. 90 3301 (1986)
  91. Buck U Adv. Atom. Mol. Opt. Phys. 35 121 (1995)
  92. Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 61 617 (2018); Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 188 689 (2018)
  93. Lee Y T "Isotope separation by photodissociation of Van der Waals molecules" US Patent 4,032,306 (1977)
  94. Casassa M P, Bomse D S, Janda K C J. Phys. Chem. 85 2623 (1981)
  95. Schwab C et al Prog. Nucl. Energy 33 217 (1998)
  96. Snavely B B Proc. Of The VIII Intern. Conf. On Quantum Electronics, San Francisco, California, June 10-13, 1974 (1974); Snavely B B Preprint UCRL-75725, CONF-740617 (Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1974)
  97. Janes G et al IEEE J. Quantum. Electron. 12 (2) 111 (1976)
  98. Forsen H K
  99. Letokhov V S, Mishin V I, Puretzky A A Prog. Quantum Electron. 5 139 (1977)
  100. Bar-Ziv E, Freiberg M, Weiss S Spectrochim. Acta A 28 2025 (1972)
  101. Chapados C, Birnbaum G J. Mol. Spectrosc. 132 323 (1988)
  102. Aldridge J P et al J. Chem. Phys. 83 34 (1985)
  103. Ambartsumyan R V et al Sov. Phys. JETP 42 993 (1975); Ambartsumyan R V et al Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 69 1956 (1975)
  104. Ambartsumyan R V et al JETP Lett. 23 22 (1976); Ambartsumyan R V et al Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 23 26 (1976)
  105. Ambartsumyan R V et al Sov. Phys. JETP 44 231 (1976); Ambartsumyan R V et al Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 71 440 (1976)
  106. Ambartsumyan R V, Makarov G N, Puretskii A A JETP Lett. 28 647 (1978); Ambartsumyan R V, Makarov G N, Puretskii A A Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 28 696 (1978)
  107. Anderson J B Molecular Beams And Low Density Gasdynamics (Gasdynamics) Vol. 4 (Ed. P P Wegener) (New York: M. Dekker, 1974)
  108. Tanimura S, Okada Y, Takeuchi K J. Phys. Chem. 100 2842 (1996)
  109. Okada Y et al Appl. Phys. B 63 57 (1996)
  110. Okada Y et al J. Mol. Struct. 410-411 299 (1997)
  111. Beu T A, Onoe J, Takeuchi K J. Chem. Phys. 106 5910 (1997)
  112. Beu T A, Onoe J, Takeuchi K J. Chem. Phys. 109 8295 (1998)
  113. Depoorter G L, Rofer-depoorter C K Spectrosc. Lett. 8 521 (1975)
  114. Rianda R, Frueholz R P, Kuppermann A J. Chem. Phys. 70 1056 (1979)
  115. Alexandre M et al J. Chim. Phys. 80 331 (1983)
  116. Kroger P M, Riley S J, Kwei G H J. Chem. Phys. 68 4195 (1978)
  117. Fuss W et al Isotopenpraxis Isotopes Environmental Health Studies 30 (2-3) 199 (1994)
  118. Subbiah J et al Indian J. Phys. 54B 121 (1986)
  119. Wenzel R G, Arnold G P Appl. Opt. 15 1322 (1976)
  120. Tiee J J, Wittig C Appl. Phys. Lett. 30 420 (1977)
  121. McDowell R S et al Opt. Lett. 4 274 (1979)
  122. Tiee J J, Fischer T A, Wittig C Rev. Sci. Instrum. 50 958 (1979)
  123. Alimpiev S S et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 9 329 (1979); Alimpiev S S et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 6 553 (1979)
  124. Grasyuk A Z, Letokhov V S, Lobko V V Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 10 1317 (1980); Grasyuk A Z, Letokhov V S, Lobko V V Kvantovaya Elektron. 7 2261 (1980)
  125. Grasiuk A Z, Letokhov V S, Lobko V V Prog. Quantum Electron. 6 245 (1980)
  126. Alimpiev S S et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 10 1087 (1980); Alimpiev S S et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 7 1885 (1980)
  127. Eckhardt R, Telle J, Haynes L J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72 40 (1982)
  128. Jones C R, Telle J M, Buchwald M I Proc. Of The Tenth Intern. Quantum Electronics Conf., Atlanta, Georgia, 1978 (Washington, DC: Optical Society of America, 1978), paper K7
  129. Baranov V Yu et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 10 47 (1980); Baranov V Yu et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 7 87 (1980)
  130. Sinha S J. Appl. Phys. 71 4145 (1992)
  131. Gupta P K, Mehendale S C Hyperfine Interactions 37 243 (1987)
  132. Telle J IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19 1469 (1983)
  133. Gorokhov Yu A et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 9 1402 (1979); Gorokhov Yu A et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 6 2382 (1979)
  134. Knyazev I N, Letokhov V S, Lobko V V Opt. Commun. 29 73 (1979)
  135. Babichev A P et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 11 141 (1981); Babichev A P et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 8 231 (1981)
  136. Stein A, Rabinowitz P, Kaldor A Opt. Lett. 3 97 (1978)
  137. Hawkins K C, Peacock R, Rutt H N J. Phys. D 18 191 (1985)
  138. Gundersen M, Yocom T IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18 1237 (1982)
  139. Byer R IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 12 732 (1976)
  140. Trutna W R, Byer R L Appl. Opt. 19 301 (1980)
  141. Rabinowitz P et al Opt. Lett. 3 147 (1978)
  142. UK Patent GB 2256 082 A
  143. Byer R L, Trutna W R Opt. Lett. 3 144 (1978)
  144. Midorikawa K et al Appl. Phys. Lett. 47 1033 (1985)
  145. AIP interviews: Interview of George Janes by Joan Bromberg on 1984 September 19, Niels Bohr Library and Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, http://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/5069
  146. Cox D M et al Science 205 390 (1979)
  147. Horsley J A et al J. Chem. Phys. 73 3660 (1980)
  148. Lewis G K, Cremers D A J. Laser Appl. 7 224 (1995)
  149. McDowell R S, Aldridge J P, Holland R F J. Phys. Chem. 80 1203 (1976)
  150. Brock E G et al J. Mol. Spectrosc. 76 301 (1979)
  151. Krohn B J et al J. Mol. Spectrosc. 132 285 (1988)
  152. McDowell R S, Patterson C W, Harter W G Los Alamos Sci. (4) 38 (1982); https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-82-5178
  153. Krohn B J, Kim K C J. Chem. Phys. 77 1645 (1982)
  154. Lyman J L, Galbraith H W, Ackerhalt J R Los Alamos Sci. (4) 66 (1982)
  155. Alimpiev S S et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 13 331 (1983); Alimpiev S S et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 10 562 (1983)
  156. Ambartsumyan R V, Gorokhov Yu A, Furzikov N P Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 6 1251 (1976); Ambartsumyan R V, Gorokhov Yu A, Furzikov N P Kvantovaya Elektron. 3 2293 (1976)
  157. Ambartsumyan R V et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 9 1546 (1979); Ambartsumyan R V et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 6 2612 (1979)
  158. Ambartsumyan R V et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 10 1152 (1980); Ambartsumyan R V et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 7 1998 (1980)
  159. Averin V G et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 9 1565 (1979); Averin V G et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 6 2637 (1979)
  160. Alimpiev S S et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 9 1263 (1979); Alimpiev S S et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 6 2155 (1979)
  161. Baronov G S et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 11 947 (1981); Baronov G S et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 8 1573 (1981)
  162. Baranov V Yu et al Quantum Electron. 26 762 (1996); Baranov V Yu et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 23 782 (1996)
  163. Alimpiev S S et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 11 375 (1981); Alimpiev S S et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 8 623 (1981)
  164. Ambartzumian R V, Letokhov V S Chemical And Biochemical Applications Of Lasers Vol. 3 (Ed. C B Moore) (New York: Academic Press, 1977), Ch. 2
  165. Letokhov V S, Makarov A A Sov. Phys. Usp. 24 366 (1981); Letokhov V S, Makarov A A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 134 45 (1981)
  166. Letokhov V S Phys. Today 33 (11) 34 (1980)
  167. Karlov N V, Prokhorov A M Sov. Phys. Usp. 19 285 (1976); Karlov N V, Prokhorov A M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 118 583 (1976)
  168. Bagratashvili V N et al Sov. Phys. JETP 50 1075 (1979); Bagratashvili V N et al Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 77 2238 (1979)
  169. Evseev A V, Puretskii A A, Tyakht V V Sov. Phys. JETP 61 34 (1985); Evseev A V, Puretskii A A, Tyakht V V Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 88 60 (1985)
  170. McDowell R S et al Spectrochim. Acta A 42 351 (1986)
  171. Baldacchini G, Marchetti S, Montelatici V J. Mol. Spectrosc. 91 80 (1982)
  172. Apatin V M, Makarov G N Appl. Phys. B 28 367 (1982)
  173. Apatin V M, Makarov G N Sov. Phys. JETP 57 8 (1983); Apatin V M, Makarov G N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 84 15 (1983)
  174. Apatin V M et al JETP Lett. 37 431 (1983); Apatin V M et al Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 37 365 (1983)
  175. Apatin V M et al Opt. Commun. 47 251 (1983)
  176. Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 46 889 (2003); Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 173 913 (2003)
  177. McDowell R S, Goldblatt M Inorg. Chem. 10 625 (1971)
  178. McDowell R S et al J. Chem. Phys. 69 1513 (1978)
  179. Velikhov E P et al Impul’snye CO2 Lazery I Ikh Primenenie Dlya Razdeleniya Izotopov (Pulsed CO2 Lasers And Their Application For Isotope Separation, Exec. Ed. B M Smirnov) (Moscow: Nauka, 1983)
  180. Velikhov E P et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 9 179 (1979); Velikhov E P et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 6 317 (1979)
  181. Baranov V Yu et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 9 486 (1979); Baranov V Yu et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 6 823 (1979)
  182. Baranov V Yu et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 9 621 (1979); Baranov V Yu et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 6 1062 (1979)
  183. Abdushelishvili G I et al Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 12 459 (1982); Abdushelishvili G I et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 9 743 (1982)
  184. Letokhov V S (Ed.) Laser Spectroscopy Of Highly Vibrationally Excited Molecules (Bristol: A. Hilger, 1989)
  185. Makarov G N Doctoral Thesis (Physical and Mathematical Sciences) (Troitsk: Institute of Spectroscopy, USSR Academy of Sciences, 1989)
  186. Makarov A A, Malinovsky A L, Ryabov E A Phys. Usp. 55 977 (2012); Makarov A A, Malinovsky A L, Ryabov E A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 182 1047 (2012)
  187. Grigor’ev G Yu et al Atom. Energy 104 398 (2008); Grigor’ev G Yu et al Atom. Energ. 104 302 (2008)
  188. Budilova O V et al Opt. Commun. 363 26 (2016)
  189. Budilova O V et al Opt. Commun. 345 163 (2015)
  190. Bohn W et al Quantum Electron. 35 1126 (2005); Bohn W et al Kvantovaya Elektron. 35 1126 (2005)
  191. Baranov I Y, Koptev A V Proc. SPIE 7915 7915F (2011)
  192. Camarcat N et al Ann. Nucl. Energy 129 399 (2019)
  193. Sarkar S K, Parthasarathy V "Molecular laser isotope separation programme at BARC" Report BARC/2007/E/014 (Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2007)
  194. Sarkar S K et al Chem. Phys. 113 159 (1987)
  195. Sarkar S K Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 25 258 (2002)
  196. Karve R S et al Chem. Phys. Lett. 78 273 (1981)
  197. Karve R S et al Appl. Phys. B 53 108 (1991)
  198. Sarkar S K Indian J. Chem. A 44 49 (2005)
  199. Mathi P et al J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 194 (2-3) 344 (2007)
  200. Sarkar S K J. Indian Chem. Soc. 87 195 (2010)
  201. Dickinson G J Nucl. Eng. 33 (6) 162 (1992)
  202. Meyer-Kretschmer G, Schweizer G Proc. Of The Intern. Symp. On Isotope Separation And Chemical Exchange Uranium Enrichment, Tokyo, 21 Oct.-1 Nov., 1990 (Eds Y Fujii, T Ishida, K Takeuchi) (Tokyo: Tokyo Institute of Technology, 1992) p. 123
  203. Becker F S "Beitrag zur Klärung der Zukunftsaussichten der Laserisotopentrennung beim Uran" Report MPQ-44 (Garching, München: Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik, 1981)
  204. Destro M G et al "Separating uranium by laser: the atomic process" General Congress on Nuclear Energy, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 27 Oct. - 1 Nov. 1996; https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/31/031/31031705.pdf?r=1
  205. Schwab C et al Prog. Nucl. Energy 33 217 (1998)
  206. Neri J W et al Proc. of the 10th Intern. Workshop on Separation Phenomena in Liquids and Gases, Angra dos Reis, Brazil, Aug. 11-14, 2008 (Ed. N A S Rodrigues) p. 113
  207. Rodrigues N A S et al J. Phys. B 33 3685 (2000)
  208. Botha R L et al South African J. Sci. 88 529 (1992)
  209. Ronander E, Rohwer E G Proc. SPIE 1810 49 (1993)
  210. Makarov G N et al Appl. Phys. B 65 583 (1997)
  211. Makarov G N, Lokhman V N, Ronander E Opt. Spectrosc. 83 215 (1997); Makarov G N, Lokhman V N, Ronander E Opt. Spektrosk. 83 232 (1997)
  212. "New South African enrichment process", World Nuclear News, 04 September 2008, https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/ENF_New_South_African_enrichment_process_announced_0409081.html
  213. Klydon (Pty) Ltd, http://www.klydon.co.za
  214. Ronander E, Strydom H J, Botha R L Prama J. Phys. 82 49 (2014)
  215. Albright D, Kelleher-Vergantini S "Lashkar Ab’ad: Iran’s unex-plained laser enrichment capabilities’’, Institute for Science and International Security, ISIS Imagery Brief, July 29, 2013, https://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/Lashkar_Abad_29July2013.pdf
  216. Ferguson C D, Boureston J "Focusing on Iran’s Laser Enrichment Program", https://www.iranwatch.org/sites/default/éles/perspex-fwi-Laser.pdf
  217. Khlopkov A J. Nonproliferation Rev. 20 (1) 39 (2013)
  218. Ding H-B, Shen Z Y, Zhang C H Proc. SPIE 1859 234 (1993)
  219. Xu B et al "CO laser-induced chemical reaction of UF6 with HCl and its application to uranium isotope separation" Paper NUCL 68, National Meeting of the American Chem. Soc., Boston, MA, USA, 22-27 Apr. 1990, CONF-900402 (Washington, DC: American Chemical Soc., Division of Nucl. Chem. and Technol., 1990) p. 21; https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:21077879
  220. Li Y et al Opt. Commun. 283 2575 (2010)
  221. Eerkens J W et al Conf. On Lasers And Electro-Optics, San Francisco, California, United States, 9-13 June 1986 (OSA Technical Digest) (Washington, DC: Optica Publ. Group, 1986), paper TUI4
  222. Gorwitz M "The South Korean laser isotope separation experience" (2004), https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-South-Korean-Laser-Isotope-Separation-Gorwitz/731585d3bd54cbb5ad9ad70837a0ef50b1c577dc
  223. Kim J, Eerkens J W, Miller W H Nucl. Sci. Eng. 156 219 (2007)
  224. Takeuchi K et al J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 23 282 (1986)
  225. Kato S et al J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 26 256 (1989)
  226. Kato S et al Intern. Symp. Advanced Nuclear Energy Research. Near-Future Chemistry in Nuclear Fuel, Tokyo, 1989 p. 53
  227. Takeuchi K et al J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 26 301 (1989)
  228. Takami M et al Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 23 L88 (1984)
  229. Kramer G M et al Inorg. Chem. 19 1340 (1980)
  230. Kaldor A et al J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101 4465 (1979)
  231. Cox D M, Horsley J A J. Chem. Phys. 72 864 (1980)
  232. Cox D M, Maas E T (Jr.) Chem. Phys. Lett. 71 330 (1980)
  233. Ekstrom A et al J. Phys. Chem. 84 2626 (1980)
  234. Miller S S et al J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101 1036 (1979)
  235. Angelie C, Cauchetier M, Paris J Chem. Phys. 66 129 (1982)
  236. Chin C et al Chem. Phys. Lett. 101 69 (1983)
  237. Kim K C et al J. Chem. Phys. 78 32 (1983)
  238. Cox D M, Gnauck A J. Mol. Spectrosc. 81 207 (1980)
  239. Mahan B H J. Chem. Phys. 46 98 (1967)
  240. Tiee J J, Wittig C Opt. Commun. 27 377 (1978)
  241. Koren G, Dahan M, Oppenheim U P Opt. Commun. 38 265 (1981)
  242. Okada Y, Tashiro H, Takeuchi K J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 30 762 (1993)
  243. Okada Y et al Appl. Phys. B 59 475 (1994)
  244. Rabinowitz P, Stein A, Kaldor A Opt. Commun. 27 381 (1978)
  245. Koren G J. Appl. Phys. 54 2827 (1983)
  246. Harzer R, Schweizer G, Selter K J. Mol. Spectrosc. 132 310 (1988)
  247. Cox D M, Elliott J Spectrosc. Lett. 12 275 (1979)
  248. Rabinowitz P et al Opt. Lett. 7 212 (1982)
  249. Rabinowitz P, Kaldar A, Gnauk A Appl. Phys. B 28 187 (1982); in, de Martino A et al. "Laser chemical physics II: Infrared multiple photon dissociation" Appl. Phys. B 28 180-189 (1982), 12th Intern. Quantum Electronics Conf.
  250. Koren G, Gertner Y, Shreter U Appl. Phys. Lett. 41 397 (1982)
  251. Okada Y et al Appl. Phys. B 62 77 (1996)
  252. Makarov G N, Petin A N Chem. Phys. Lett. 426 464 (2006)
  253. Makarov G N, Petin A N Quantum Electron. 36 889 (2006); Makarov G N, Petin A N Kvantovaya Elektron. 36 889 (2006)
  254. Makarov G N, Petin A N J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 103 697 (2006); Makarov G N, Petin A N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 130 804 (2006)
  255. Becker E W, Bier K, Burghoff H Z. Naturforschung A 10 565 (1955)
  256. Rousseau D, Lepingwell J "Isotope separation by laser based technologies: safeguards related aspects" Paper Number IAEA-CN-184/262
  257. Grossman E M "New enrichment technology offers detectable ’signatures’ advocate says", Global Security Newswire, 2 August 2010, https://www.nti.org/
  258. Lyman J L "Enrichment separative capacity for SILEX" Report LA-UR-05-3786 (Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2005)
  259. Pietropolli Charmet A et al Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8 2491 (2006)
  260. Geraedts J et al Chem. Phys. Lett. 78 277 (1981)
  261. Geraedts J, Stolte S, Reuss J Z. Phys. A 304 167 (1982)
  262. Geraedts J et al Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 73 375 (1982)
  263. Rettner C T et al J. Phys. Chem. 100 13021 (1996)
  264. Weaver J F, Carlsson A F, Madix R J Surf. Sci. Rep. 50 107 (2003)
  265. Eerkens J W Isotope Technologies Report IT-88-004 (1988) p. 3, 8, 24
  266. Kim J, Eerkens J W, Miller W H Nucl. Sci. Eng. 156 219 (2007)
  267. Makarov G N, Petin A N Quantum Electron. 46 248 (2016); Makarov G N, Petin A N Kvantovaya Elektron. 46 248 (2016)
  268. Makarov G N, Petin A N JETP Lett. 71 399 (2000); Makarov G N, Petin A N Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 71 583 (2000)
  269. Makarov G N, Petin A N Chem. Phys. Lett. 323 345 (2000)
  270. Makarov G N, Petin A N J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 92 1 (2001); Makarov G N, Petin A N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 119 5 (2001)
  271. Makarov G N, Petin A N Chem. Phys. 266 125 (2001)
  272. Apatin V M et al Opt. Spectrosc. 91 852 (2001); Apatin V M et al Opt. Spektrosk. 91 910 (2001)
  273. Makarov G N, Mochalov S A, Petin A N Quantum Electron. 31 263 (2001); Makarov G N, Mochalov S A, Petin A N Kvantovaya Elektron. 31 263 (2001)
  274. Fuss W Spectrochim. Acta A 38 829 (1982)
  275. Makarov G N, Petin A N JETP Lett. 111 325 (2020); Makarov G N, Petin A N Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 111 361 (2020)
  276. Makarov G N, Petin A N JETP Lett. 112 213 (2020); Makarov G N, Petin A N Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 112 226 (2020)
  277. Makarov G N, Petin A N Quantum Electron. 50 1036 (2020); Makarov G N, Petin A N Kvantovaya Elektron. 50 1036 (2020)
  278. Makarov G N, Petin A N J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 132 233 (2021); Makarov G N, Petin A N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 159 281 (2021)
  279. Snels M, D’Amico G J. Mol. Spectrosc. 209 1 (2001)
  280. Landau L D, Lifshitz E M Fluid Mechanics (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987); Translated from Russian, Landau L D, Lifshitz E M Gidrodinamika (Moscow: Nauka, 1986)
  281. Zel’dovich Ya B, Raizer Yu P Physics Of Shock Waves And High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena (New York: Academic Press, 1966, 1967); Translated from Russian, Zel’dovich Ya B, Raizer Yu P Fizika Udarnykh Voln I Vysokotemperaturnykh Gidrodinamicheskikh Yavlenii (Moscow: Nauka, 1966)
  282. Abramovich G N Prikladnaya Gazovaya Dinamika (Applied Gas Dynamics) Pt. 1 (Moscow: Nauka, 1991)
  283. Stupochenko Ye V, Losev S A, Osipov A I Relaxation In Shock Waves (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1967); Translated from Russian, Stupochenko Ye V, Losev S A, Osipov A I Relaksatsionnye Protsessy V Udarnykh Volnakh (Moscow: Nauka, 1965)
  284. Kadibelban R, Ahrens-Botzong R, Hess P Z. Naturforschung A 37 271 (1982)
  285. Tosa V et al Laser Chem. 15 47 (1994)
  286. Drouin M et al Chem. Phys. Lett. 60 16 (1978)
  287. King D S, Stephenson J C Chem. Phys. Lett. 66 33 (1979)
  288. Narahari Rao K Molecular Spectroscopy: Modern Research Vol. 3 (Eds K Narahari Rao) (New York: Academic Press, 1985), Ch. 3
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions