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Reviews of topical problems


Experimental methods for determining the melting temperature and the heat of melting of clusters and nanoparticles


Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Fizicheskaya 5, Troitsk, Moscow, 108840, Russian Federation

Unlike macroscopic objects, clusters and nanoparticles lack a definite melting temperature at a given pressure but rather have their solid and liquid phases coexistent in a certain temperature range and their melting temperature dependent on the particle size. As the particle size decreases, the melting temperature becomes fundamentally difficult to define. This review examines methods for measuring the melting temperature and the heat of melting of clusters and nanoparticles. The temperature (internal energy) of the particles is defined and how it affects the properties of and processes involving the particles is discussed. The melting features of clusters and nanoparticles versus bulk materials are examined. Early methods of determining the melting temperature of large clusters are described. New precision methods of measuring the melting temperature and the heat of melting of clusters are discussed, which use clusters themselves as “high-sensitivity calorimeters” to measure energy. Laser-based nanoparticle melting techniques are outlined.

Fulltext pdf (649 KB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.0180.201002d.0185
PACS: 07.77.Gx, 32.80.−t, 36.40.−c, 36.40.Ei, 42.62.Fi, 81.07.−b (all)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.0180.201002d.0185
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2010/2/d/
000279117000004
2-s2.0-77954774858
2010PhyU...53..179M
Citation: Makarov G N "Experimental methods for determining the melting temperature and the heat of melting of clusters and nanoparticles" Phys. Usp. 53 179–198 (2010)
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Оригинал: Макаров Г Н «Экспериментальные методы определения температуры и теплоты плавления кластеров и наночастиц» УФН 180 185–207 (2010); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0180.201002d.0185

References (249) Cited by (34) Similar articles (20) ↓

  1. G.N. Makarov “Kinetic methods for measuring the temperature of clusters and nanoparticles in molecular beams” 54 351–370 (2011)
  2. G.N. Makarov “Cluster temperature. Methods for its measurement and stabilization” 51 319–353 (2008)
  3. R.S. Berry, B.M. Smirnov “Phase transitions and adjacent phenomena in simple atomic systems” 48 345–388 (2005)
  4. R.S. Berry, B.M. Smirnov “Phase transitions in various kinds of clusters” 52 137–164 (2009)
  5. G.N. Makarov “Laser IR fragmentation of molecular clusters: the role of channels for energy input and relaxation, influence of surroundings, dynamics of fragmentation” 60 227–258 (2017)
  6. R.S. Berry, B.M. Smirnov “Modeling of configurational transitions in atomic systems” 56 973–998 (2013)
  7. G.N. Makarov “Control of the parameters and composition of molecular and cluster beams by means of IR lasers” 61 617–644 (2018)
  8. G.N. Makarov “Low energy methods of molecular laser isotope separation” 58 670–700 (2015)
  9. B.M. Smirnov “Melting of clusters with pair interaction of atoms” 37 1079–1096 (1994)
  10. B.M. Smirnov “Scaling method in atomic and molecular physics” 44 1229–1253 (2001)
  11. B.M. Smirnov “Processes involving clusters and small particles in a buffer gas” 54 691–721 (2011)
  12. G.N. Makarov “The spectroscopy of clusters by intense pulses of VUV radiation from free electron lasers” 52 461–486 (2009)
  13. G.N. Makarov “Laser applications in nanotechnology: nanofabrication using laser ablation and laser nanolithography” 56 643–682 (2013)
  14. G.N. Makarov “Spectroscopy of single molecules and clusters inside helium nanodroplets. Microscopic manifestation of 4He superfluidity” 47 217–247 (2004)
  15. B.M. Smirnov “Clusters with close packing and filled shells” 36 (10) 933–955 (1993)
  16. G.N. Makarov “Selective processes of IR excitation and dissociation of molecules in gasdynamically cooled jets and flows” 48 37–76 (2005)
  17. B.M. Smirnov “Processes in expanding and condensing gases” 37 621–657 (1994)
  18. V.P. Krainov, B.M. Smirnov, M.B. Smirnov “Femtosecond excitation of cluster beams” 50 907–931 (2007)
  19. G.N. Makarov “Studies on high-intensity pulsed molecular beams and flows interacting with a solid surface” 46 889–914 (2003)
  20. G.N. Makarov “New results for laser isotope separation using low-energy methods” 63 245–268 (2020)

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