RSS feeds
РусскийEnglish
Issue 10, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

2008

 / 

November

←  →

Reviews of topical problems


Coronal magnetic loops

 a,  b
a Federal Research Center A.V. Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Ulyanova 46, Nizhny Novgorod, 603000, Russian Federation
b The Central Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences at Pulkovo, Pulkovskoe shosse 65/1, St. Petersburg, 196140, Russian Federation

The goal of this review is to outline some new ideas in the physics of coronal magnetic loops, the fundamental structural elements of the atmospheres of the Sun and flaring stars, which are involved in phenomena such as stellar coronal heating, flare energy release, charged particle acceleration, and the modulation of optical, radio, and X-ray emissions. The Alfvén — Carlqvist view of a coronal loop as an equivalent electric circuit allows a good physical understanding of loop processes. Describing coronal loops as MHD-resonators explains various ways in which flaring emissions from the Sun and stars are modulated, whereas modeling them by magnetic mirror traps allows one to describe the dynamics and emission of high-energy particles. Based on these approaches, loop plasma and fast particle parameters are obtained and models for flare energy release and stellar corona heating are developed.

Fulltext pdf (2 MB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.1070/PU2008v051n11ABEH006657
PACS: 52.35.−g, 96.60.−j, 97.10.Sj (all)
DOI: 10.1070/PU2008v051n11ABEH006657
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2008/11/b/
000264020300002
2-s2.0-68149161150
2008PhyU...51.1123Z
Citation: Zaitsev V V, Stepanov A V "Coronal magnetic loops" Phys. Usp. 51 1123–1160 (2008)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Оригинал: Зайцев В В, Степанов А В «Корональные магнитные арки» УФН 178 1165–1204 (2008); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0178.200811b.1165

References (212) ↓ Cited by (67) Similar articles (20)

  1. Bray R J et al. Plasma Loops In The Solar Corona (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991)
  2. Schrijver C J et al. Solar Phys. 187 261 (1999)
  3. Benz A O, Conway J, Güdel M Astron. Astrophys. 331 596 (1998)
  4. Aschwanden M J, Poland A I, Rabin D M Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 39 175 (2001)
  5. Sakai J-I, de Jager C Space Sci . Rev. 77 1 (1996)
  6. Plunkett S P et al. Solar Phys. 194 371 (2000)
  7. Bastian T S et al. Astrophys. J. 353 265 (1990)
  8. Lestrade J-F et al. Astrophys. J. 328 232 (1988)
  9. Kuijpers J Lecture Notes Phys. 444 135 (1995)
  10. Feigelson E D, Montmerle T Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 37 363 (1999)
  11. Priest E R Solar Magnetohydrodynamics (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1982); Prist E R Solnechnaya Magnitogidrodinamika (M.: Mir, 1985)
  12. Haisch B M In Activity In Red-Dwarf Stars (Eds P B Byrne, M Rodonò) (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1983) p. 255
  13. Mullan D J et al. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 164 173 (2006)
  14. Schmitt J H M M et al. Astrophys. J. 365 704 (1990)
  15. Stepanov A V et al. Astron. Astrophys. 374 1072 (2001)
  16. Zaitsev V V i dr. Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 30 362 (2004); Zaitsev V V et al. Astron. Lett. 30 319 (2004)
  17. Güdel M, Benz A O Astrophys. J. 405 L63 (1993)
  18. Kan J R, Akasofu S-I, Lee L C Solar Phys. 84 153 (1983)
  19. Henoux J C, Somov B V Astron. Astrophys. 241 613 (1991)
  20. Henoux J C, Somov B V Astron. Astrophys. 185 306 (1987)
  21. Zaitsev V V, Khodachenko M L Izv. Vuzov Radiofizika 40 176 (1997); Zajtsev V V, Khodachenko M L Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 40 114 (1997)
  22. Khodachenko M L, Zaitsev V V Astrophys. Space Sci. 279 389 (2002)
  23. Priest E R In Solar Flare Magnetohydrodynamics (Ed. E R Priest) (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1980)
  24. Zaitsev V V i dr. Astron. Zhurn. 75 455 (1998); Zaitsev V V et al. Astron. Rep. 42 400 (1998)
  25. Khodachenko M L et al. Astron. Astrophys. 433 691 (2005)
  26. Alfvén H, Carlquist P Solar Phys. 1 220 (1967)
  27. Sen H K, White M L Solar Phys. 23 146 (1972)
  28. Klimchuk J A et al. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 44 L181 (1992)
  29. Hagyard M J Solar Phys. 115 107 (1988)
  30. Leka K D et al. Astrophys. J. 411 370 (1993)
  31. Hudson H S Solar Phys. 113 315 (1987)
  32. Melrose D B Astrophys. J. 381 306 (1991)
  33. Melrose D B Astrophys. J. 451 391 (1995)
  34. Stenflo J O Solar Phys. 8 115 (1969)
  35. Severny A Space Sci. Rev. 3 451 (1964)
  36. Cowling T G Magnetohydrodynamics (London: Interscience Publ., 1957); Kauling T Magnitnaya Gidrodinamika (M.: IL, 1959)
  37. Zaitsev V V, Stepanov A V Astron. Zhurn. 68 384 (1991); Zaitsev V V, Stepanov A V Sov. Astron. 35 189 (1991)
  38. Zaitsev V V, Stepanov A V Solar Phys. 139 343 (1992)
  39. Khodachenko M L, Zaitsev V V Astrophys. Space. Sci. 279 389 (2002)
  40. Kadomtsev B B v Sb. Nelineinye Volny (Pod red. A V Gaponova-Grekhova) (M.: Nauka, 1978) p. 141
  41. Vernazza J E, Avrett E H, Loeser R Astrophys. J. Suppl. 45 635 (1981)
  42. Conti P S, Underhill A B (Eds) O Stars And Wolf-Rayet Stars (Washington, DC: NASA, 1988)
  43. Miller M C, Lamb F K, Hamilton R J Astrophys. J. Suppl. 90 833 (1994)
  44. Ionson J A Astrophys. J. 254 318 (1982)
  45. Zaitsev V V et al. Astron. Astrophys. 337 887 (1998)
  46. Landau L D, Lifshits E M Elektrodinamika Sploshnykh Sred (M.: Nauka, 1982); Landau L D, Lifshitz E M Electrodynamics Of Continuous Media (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1984)
  47. Urpo S et al. Solar Phys. 154 317 (1994)
  48. Zaitsev V V i dr. Izv. Vuzov Radiofizika 44 756 (2001); Zaitsev V V et al. Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 44 697 (2001)
  49. Zaitsev V V i dr. Astron. Zhurn. 80 945 (2003); Zaitsev V V et al. Astron. Rep. 47 873 (2003)
  50. Wigner E Phys. Rev. 40 749 (1932)
  51. Ville J Cables Transmission 2A 61 (1948)
  52. Cohen L Proc. IEEE 77 941 (1989)
  53. Güdel M et al. Astron. Astrophys. 220 L5 (1989)
  54. Abada-Simon M et al. Astron. Astrophys. 321 841 (1997)
  55. Schlüter A, Biermann L Z. Naturforsch. A 5 237 (1950)
  56. Pikel’ner S B Osnovy Kosmicheskoi Elektrodinamiki (M.: Nauka, 1966); Pikel’ner S B Fundamentals Of Cosmic Electrodynamics (Washington, DC: NASA, 1964)
  57. Zaitsev V V, Urpo S, Stepanov A V Astron. Astrophys. 357 1105 (2000)
  58. Pustil’nik L A Astron. Zhurn. 50 1211 (1973); Pustil’nik L A Sov. Astron. 17 763 (1974)
  59. Wheatland M S, Melrose D B Solar Phys. 159 137 (1995)
  60. Melrose D B Astrophys. J. 486 521 (1997)
  61. Aschwanden M J et al. Astrophys. J. 520 880 (1999)
  62. Kurtz D W Solar Phys. 220 123 (2004)
  63. Schrijver C J, Aschwanden M J, Title A Solar Phys. 206 69 (2002)
  64. Rosenberg H Astron. Astrophys. 9 159 (1970)
  65. Aschwanden M J Solar Phys. 111 113 (1987)
  66. Aschwanden M J In Turbulence, Waves, And Instabilities In The Solar Plasma (NATO Sci. Ser. II, Vol. 124, Eds R Erdélyi et al.) (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 2003)
  67. Roberts B In Advances In Solar System Magnetohydrodynamics (Eds E R Priest, A Hood) (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991); Roberts B "Magnitogidrodinamicheskie volny na Solntse" Kosmicheskaya Magnitnaya Gidrodinamika (Pod red. E Prista, A Khuda) (M.: Mir, 1995) p. 112
  68. Rodono M Astron. Astrophys. 32 337 (1974)
  69. Mullan D J, Herr R B, Bhattacharyya S Astrophys. J. 391 265 (1992)
  70. Mathioudakis M Astron. Astrophys. 403 1101 (2003)
  71. Tsiklauri D et al. Astron. Astrophys. 422 351 (2004)
  72. McLean D J, Sheridan K V Solar Phys. 32 485 (1973)
  73. Zaitsev V V, Stepanov A V Issled. Po Geomagnetizmu, Aeronomii Fiz. Solntsa 37 3 (1975)
  74. Edwin P M, Roberts B Solar Phys. 88 179 (1983)
  75. Meerson B I, Sasorov P V, Stepanov A V Solar Phys. 58 165 (1978)
  76. Nakariakov V M, Melnikov V F, Reznikova V E Astron. Astrophys. 412 L7 (2003)
  77. Nakariakov V M et al. Science 285 862 (1999)
  78. Uralov A M Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 29 552 (2003); Uralov A M Astron. Lett. 29 486 (2003)
  79. Terradas J, Oliver R, Ballester J L Astrophys. J. 618 L149 (2005)
  80. Arregui I et al. Astron. Astrophys. 463 333 (2007)
  81. Chen J, Schuck P W Solar Phys. 246 145 (2007)
  82. Mikhailovskii A B Teoriya Plazmennykh Neustoichivostei . T. 2 Neustoichivosti Neodnorodnoi Plazmy (M: Atomizdat, 1975); Mikhailovskii A B Theory Of Plasma Instabilities Vol. 2 Instabilities Of An Inhomogeneous Plasma (New York: Consultants Bureau, 1974)
  83. Nakariakov V M et al. Astron. Astrophys. 452 343 (2006)
  84. Zaitsev V V, Stepanov A V Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 8 248 (1982); Zaitsev V V, Stepanov A V Sov. Astron. Lett. 8 132 (1982)
  85. Taroyan Y et al. Astrophys. J. 659 L173 (2007)
  86. Kislyakov A G et al. Solar Phys. 233 89 (2006)
  87. Zaitsev V V, Kislyakov A G Astron. Zhurn. 83 921 (2006); Zaitsev V V, Kislyakov A G Astron. Rep. 50 823 (2006)
  88. Hindman B W, Jain R Astrophys. J. 677 769 (2008)
  89. Stepanov A V i dr. Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 30 530 (2004); Stepanov A V et al. Astron. Lett. 30 480 (2004)
  90. Zhilyaev B E et al. Astron. Astrophys. 364 641 (2000)
  91. Stepanov A V i dr. Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 31 648 (2005); Stepanov A V et al. Astron. Lett. 31 612 (2005)
  92. Reale F ASP Conf. Ser. 277 103 (2002)
  93. Mitra-Kraev U et al. Astron. Astrophys. 436 1041 (2005)
  94. Raassen A J J et al. Astron. Astrophys. 411 509 (2003)
  95. Stepanov A V, Tsap Yu T, Kopylova Yu G Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 32 631 (2006); Stepanov A V, Tsap Yu T, Kopylova Yu G Astron. Lett. 32 569 (2006)
  96. Priest E R ASP Conf. Ser. 158 321 (1999)
  97. Linsky J L Lecture Notes Phys. 380 452 (1991)
  98. Linsky J L ASP Conf. Ser. 158 401 (1999)
  99. Walsh R W, Ireland J Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 12 1 (2003)
  100. Spicer D S In Mechanisms Of Chromospheric And Coronal Heating (Eds P Ulmschneider, E R Priest, R Rosner) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991) p. 547
  101. Galeev A A et al. Astrophys. J. 243 301 (1981)
  102. Parker E N Astrophys. J. 330 474 (1988)
  103. Antonucci E In The Many Faces Of The Sun: A Summary Of The Results From NASA’s Solar Maximum Mission (Eds K T Strong et al.) (Berlin: Springer, 1998) p. 331
  104. Ionson J A Astrophys. J. 276 357 (1984)
  105. Ofman L, Davila J M, Steinolfson R S Astrophys. J. 421 360 (1994)
  106. Melrose D B, Dulk G A Astrophys. J. 282 308 (1984)
  107. Aschwanden M J et al. Astrophys. J. 531 1129 (2000)
  108. Reale F, Peres G Astrophys. J. 45 (2000)
  109. Zaitsev V V, Shibasaki K Astron. Zhurn. 82 1127 (2005); Zaitsev V V, Shibasaki K Astron. Rep. 49 1009 (2005)
  110. Bakhareva N M, Zaitsev V V, Khodachenko M L Solar Phys. 139 299 (1992)
  111. Suzuki M, Sakai J I Astrophys. J. 487 921 (1997)
  112. Ryutova M et al. Astrophys. J. 492 402 (1998)
  113. Furusawa K, Sakai J I Astrophys. J. 540 1156 (2000)
  114. Gold T, Hoyle F Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 120 89 (1960)
  115. Aschwanden M J et al. Astrophys. J. 515 842 (1999)
  116. Golant V E, Zhilinskii A P, Sakharov I E Osnovy Fiziki Plazmy (M.: Atomizdat, 1977); Golant V E, Zhilinsky A P, Sakharov I E Fundamentals Of Plasma Physics (New York: Wiley, 1980)
  117. Burgess A Astrophys. J. 139 766 (1964)
  118. Zirin H Astrophysics Of The Sun (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988)
  119. Huba J D, NRL Plasma Formulary Vol. 54 (Washington: NRL, 1994)
  120. Jain N K, Narain U Solar Phys. 50 361 (1976)
  121. Raymond J C, Cox D P, Smith B W Astrophys. J. 204 290 (1976)
  122. Shibasaki K Astrophys. J. 557 326 (2001)
  123. Fontenla J M, Avrett E N, Loeser R Astrophys. J. 355 700 (1990)
  124. Litwin C, Rosner R Astrophys. J. 412 375 (1993)
  125. Miller J A et al. J. Geophys. Res. 102 14631 (1997)
  126. Emslie A G, Brown J C, Machado M E Astrophys. J. 246 337 (1981)
  127. Holman G D, Benka S G Astrophys. J. 400 L79 (1992)
  128. Somov B V, Kosugi T Astrophys. J. 485 859 (1997)
  129. Karlický M, Kosugi T Astron. Astrophys. 419 1159 (2004)
  130. Alfvén; H, Fälthammar C-G Cosmical Electrodynanics. Fundamental Principles (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963); Al’fven Kh, Fel’tkhammar K-G Kosmicheskaya Elektrodinamika. Osnovnye Printsipy (M.: Mir, 1967)
  131. Knoepfel H, Spong D A Nucl. Fusion 19 785 (1979)
  132. Hurford G J et al. Astrophys. J. 595 L77 (2003)
  133. Litvinenko Yu E Astrophys. J. 462 997 (1996)
  134. Aurass H et al. Astron. Astrophys. 410 1001 (2003)
  135. Zaitsev V V, Zlotnik E Ya, Aurass G Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 31 315 (2005); Zaitsev V V, Zlotnik E Ya, Aurass H Astron. Lett. 31 285 (2005)
  136. Zlotnik E Ya et al. Astron. Astrophys. 410 1011 (2003)
  137. Holman G D Astrophys. J. 293 584 (1985)
  138. van der Oord G H J. Astron. Astrophys. 234 496 (1990)
  139. Fadeev A A, Kvartskhava I F, Komarov N N Nucl. Fusion 5 202 (1965)
  140. Hammer D A, Rostoker N Phys. Fluids 13 1831 (1970)
  141. Cox J L (Jr), Bennett W H Phys. Fluids 13 182 (1970)
  142. Lee R, Sudan R N Phys. Fluids 14 1213 (1971)
  143. Lovelace R V, Sudan R N Phys. Rev. Lett. 27 1256 (1971)
  144. Yokoyama T et al. Astrophys. J. 576 L87 (2002)
  145. Bespalov P A, Trakhtengerts V Yu v Sb. Voprosy Teorii Plazmy Vol. 10 (Pod red. M A Leontovicha) (M.: Atomizdat, 1980); Bespalov P A, Trakhtengerts V Yu In Reviews Of Plasma Physics Vol. 10 (Ed. M A Leontovich) (New York: Plenum Press, 1986) p. 155
  146. Bespalov P A, Trakhtengerts V Yu Al’fvenovskie Mazery (Gor’kii: IPF AN SSSR, 1986)
  147. Stepanov A V et al. Astron. Astrophys. 465 613 (2007)
  148. Bianda M et al. Astron. Astrophys. 434 1183 (2005)
  149. Tsap Yu T, Stepanov A V Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 34 58 (2008); Tsap Yu T, Stepanov A V Astron. Lett. 34 52 (2008)
  150. Bespalov P A, Zaitsev V V, Stepanov A V Astrophys. J. 374 369 (1991)
  151. Dory R A, Guest G E, Harris E G Phys. Rev. Lett. 14 131 (1965)
  152. Mikhailovskii A B Teoriya Plazmennykh Neustoichivostei. T. 1. Neustoichivosti Odnorodnoi Plazmy (M.: Atomizdat, 1975); Mikhailovskii A B Theory Of Pasma Instabilities. Vol. 1. Instabilities Of A Homogeneous Plasma (New York: Consultants Bureau, 1974)
  153. Fleishman G D, Mel’nikov V F Usp. Fiz. Nauk 168 1265 (1998); Fleishman G D, Mel’nikov V F Phys. Usp. 41 1157 (1998)
  154. Kuckes A F, Sudan R N Solar Phys. 17 194 (1971)
  155. Stepanov A V Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 4 193 (1978); Stepanov A V Sov. Astron. Lett. 4 103 (1978)
  156. Melrose D B, Dulk G A Astrophys. J. 259 844 (1982)
  157. Dulk G A Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23 169 (1985)
  158. Louarn P, Le Queau D, Roux A Astron. Astrophys. 165 211 (1986)
  159. Vlahos L Solar. Phys. 111 155 (1987)
  160. Aschwanden M J Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 85 1141 (1990)
  161. Wu C S, Lee L C Astrophys. J. 230 621 (1979)
  162. Hewitt R G, Melrose D B, Rönnmark K G Austral. J. Phys. 35 447 (1982)
  163. Melrose D B Plasma Astrophysics: Nonthermal Processes In Diffuse Magnetized Plasmas Vol. 2 (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1980)
  164. Stepanov A V et al. ASP Conf. Ser. 93 333 (1996)
  165. Stepanov A V et al. Astrophys. J. 524 961 (1999)
  166. Vlahos L, Sharma R R, Papadopoulos K Astrophys. J. 275 374 (1983)
  167. Robinson P A Astrophys. J. 341 L99 (1989)
  168. Zheleznyakov V V Izluchenie v Astrofizicheskoi Plazme (M.: Yanus-K, 1997); Zheleznyakov V V Radiation In Astrophysical Plasmas (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996)
  169. Zaitsev V V, Shaposhnikov V E, Ruker Kh O Astron. Zhurn. 82 368 (2005); Zaitsev V V, Shaposhnikov V E, Rucker H O Astron. Rep. 49 327 (2005)
  170. Kaplan S A, Tsytovich V N Plazmennaya Astrofizika (M.: Nauka, 1972); Kaplan S A, Tsytovich V N Plasma Astrophysics (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1973)
  171. Ginzburg V L, Zheleznyakov V V Astron. Zhurn. 35 694 (1958); Ginzburg V L, Zheleznyakon V V Sov. Astron. 2 653 (1958)
  172. de Jager C Solar Phys. 64 135 (1979)
  173. Doshek G A NRO Rep. No. 360 (1994) p. 173
  174. Zaitsev V V, Stepanov A V Solar. Phys. 88 297 (1983)
  175. Zaitsev V V et al. Astron. Astrophys. 328 390 (1997)
  176. Zaitsev V V, Kupriyanova E G, Stepanov A V Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 26 855 (2000); Zaitsev V V, Kupriyanova E G, Stepanov A V Astron. Lett. 26 736 (2000)
  177. Zheleznyakov V V, Zaitsev V V Astron. Zhurn. 47 308 (1970); Zheleznyakon V V, Zaitsev V V Sov. Astron. 14 250 (1970)
  178. Kupriyanova E G, Stepanov A V Izv. Vuzov Radiofizika 44 788 (2001); Kupriyanova E G, Stepanov A V Radiophys. Quantum Electron 44 726 (2001)
  179. Stepanov A V Izv. Vuzov Radiofizika 13 1342 (1970); Stepanov A V Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 13 1034 (1970)
  180. Ginzburg V L, Zaitsev V V Nature 222 230 (1969)
  181. Ginzburg V L , Zheleznyakov V V, Zaitsev V V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 98 201 (1969); Ginzburg V L, Zheleznyakov V V, Zaitsev V V Astrophys. Space Sci. 4 464 (1969)
  182. Trigilio C et al. Astron. Astrophys. 362 281 (2000)
  183. Suzuki I in Proc. Hinitory Symp. on Solar Flares, Tokyo (1982) p. 92
  184. Stepanov A V, Tsap Y T Solar Phys. 211 135 (2002)
  185. Melrose D B, Brown J C Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 176 15 (1976)
  186. Wentzel D G Astrophys. J. 208 595 (1976)
  187. Akhiezer A I i dr. Elektrodinamika Plazmy (Pod red. A I Akhiezera) (M.: Nauka, 1974)
  188. Mal’tseva O A, Chernov G P Kinem. Fiz. Nebesnykh Tel 5 (12) 32 (1989)
  189. Meerson B I, Rogachevskii I V Solar Phys. 87 337 (1983)
  190. Mazur V A, Stepanov A V Astron. Astrophys. 139 467 (1984)
  191. Tamres D H, Melrose D B, Canfield R C Astrophys. J. 342 576 (1989)
  192. Wentzel D G Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 12 71 (1974)
  193. Kennel C F, Petscheck H E J. Geophys. Res. 71 1 (1966)
  194. Slottje C Astron. Astrophys. 32 107 (1974)
  195. Chernov G P Space Sci. Rev. 127 195 (2006)
  196. Zaitsev V V, Stepanov A V Astron. Astrophys. 45 135 (1975)
  197. Benz A O, Kuijpers J Solar Phys. 46 275 (1976)
  198. Fu Q et al. Solar Phys. 222 167 (2004)
  199. Zhelezniakov V V, Zlotnik E Ia Solar Phys. 44 447 (1975)
  200. Kuznetsov A A, Tsap Yu T Solar Phys. 241 127 (2007)
  201. Fleishman G D, Stepanov A V, Yurovsky Yu F Space Sci. Rev. 68 205 (1994)
  202. Zaitsev V V Solar Phys. 20 95 (1971)
  203. Kuijpers J Solar Phys. 44 173 (1975)
  204. Fleishman G D Solar Phys. 153 367 (1994)
  205. Stepanov A V et al. Astron. Astrophys. 299 739 (1995)
  206. Genkin L G, Erukhimov L M, Levin B N Solar Phys. 128 423 (1990)
  207. Spangler S R Astrophys. J. 670 841 (2007)
  208. Kosovichev A G Astrophys. J. 670 L65 (2007)
  209. Aschwanden M J Asian J. Phys., in press
  210. Sui L, Holman G D, Dennis B R Adv. Space Res. 41 976 (2008)
  211. Fletcher L, Hudson H S Astrophys. J. 675 1645 (2008)
  212. Massi M et al. Astron. Astrophys. 480 489 (2008)
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions