RSS feeds
РусскийEnglish
Issue 12, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

2006

 / 

February

←  →



Extreme processes in clusters impacting on a solid surface


Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Fizicheskaya 5, Troitsk, Moscow, 108840, Russian Federation

A large high-energy cluster impacting on a solid surface (the number of particles in a cluster N ≥ 102-106, the collision energy per particle Ecol ≥ 10-103 eV) forms for a short time (≤ 50-500 fs) a medium characterized by extremely high temperature (≥ 104-105 K), density (up to 4 to 5 times the solid state value), and pressure (≥ 1-10 Mbar). As this takes place, the cluster heating rate reaches the value ≥ 1015-1016 К s-1. In these extreme conditions, physical and chemical processes that are impossible in thermal equilibrium can occur both in the cluster itself and the collision zone. In this paper, extreme processes induced in clusters as a result of their strong excitation at collisions with a solid surface are reviewed, including ionization, light and charged-particle emission, fragmentation, breaking and making of chemical bonds, microshock wave generation, nuclear fusion, and surface bombardment. Conditions for these processes to proceed are examined and models to describe them discussed. It is shown that the characteristics of the processes depend significantly on the velocity, size, and composition of the cluster, as well as the material and temperature of the surface. Cluster excitation by an impact with a surface and that by a superhigh-power ultrashort laser pulse are compared and practical applications of the above processes are discussed.

Fulltext pdf (880 KB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.1070/PU2006v049n02ABEH004666
PACS: 34.50.−s, 36.40.−c, 43.25.Cb, 79.20.Rf, 81.15.−z (all)
DOI: 10.1070/PU2006v049n02ABEH004666
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2006/2/a/
000238659100001
2-s2.0-33745644983
2006PhyU...49..117M
Citation: Makarov G N "Extreme processes in clusters impacting on a solid surface" Phys. Usp. 49 117–166 (2006)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Оригинал: Макаров Г Н «Экстремальные процессы в кластерах при столкновении с твердой поверхностью» УФН 176 121–174 (2006); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0176.200602a.0121

References (492) ↓ Cited by (45)

  1. Pauly H Atom, Molecule, And Cluster Beams Vol. 2 Cluster Beams, Fast And Slow Beams, Accessory Equipment, And Applications (New York: Springer, 2000)
  2. Scoles G (Ed.) Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 1 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988)
  3. Scoles G (Ed.) Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 2 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992)
  4. Petrov Yu I Klastery i Malye Chastitsy (M.: Nauka, 1986)
  5. Jena P, Rao B K, Khanna S N (Eds) Physics And Chemistry Of Small Clusters (NATO ASI Ser., Ser. B, Vol. 158) (New York: Plenum Press, 1987)
  6. Jena P, Khanna S N, Rao B K (Eds) Physics And Chemistry Of Finite Systems: From Clusters To Crystals (NATO ASI Ser., Ser. C, No. 374) (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1992)
  7. Jortner J, Pullman A, Pullman B (Eds) Large Finite Sustems: Proc. Of The Twentieth Jerusalem Symp. On Quantum Chemistry And Biochemistry, Jerusalem, Israel, May 11 – 14, 1987 (The Jerusalem Symp. on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 20) (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1987)
  8. Vostrikov A A, Rebrov A K (Red.) Fizika Klasterov. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov (Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1987)
  9. Sugano S, Nishina Y, Ohnishi S (Eds) Microclusters: Proc. Of The First NEC Symp., Hakone And Kawasaki; Japan, October 20 – 23, 1986 (Springer Ser. in Materials Science, Vol. 4) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987)
  10. Takagi T Ionized-Cluster Beam Deposition And Epitaxy (Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publ., 1988)
  11. Benedek G, Martin T P, Pacchioni G (Eds) Elemental And Molecular Clusters: Proc. Of The 13th Intern. School, Erice, Italy, July 1 – 15, 1987 (Springer Ser. in Materials Science, Vol. 6) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988)
  12. Aleksandrov M L, Kusner Yu S Gazodinamicheskie Molekulyarnye, Ionnye i Klastirovannye Puchki (Otv. red. E P Velikhov) (L.: Nauka, 1989)
  13. Bernstein E R (Ed.) Atomic And Molecular Clusters (Studies in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 68) (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990)
  14. Billups W E, Giufolini M A (Eds) Buckminsterfullerenes (New York: VCH, 1993)
  15. Haberland H (Ed.) Clusters Of Atoms And Molecules: Theory Experiment, And Clusters Of Atoms (Springer Ser. in Chemical Physics, Vol. 52) (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1994)
  16. Klabunde K J Free Atoms, Clusters, And Nanoscale Particles (San Diego: Academic Press, 1994)
  17. Kondow T, Kaya K, Terasaki A (Eds) Structures and Dynamics of Clusters: Proc. of the Yamada Conf. XLIII on Structures and Dynamics of Clusters, May 10 – 13, 1995, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan (Frontiers Science Ser., No. 16) (Tokyo: Universal Academy Press, 1996)
  18. Martin T P (Ed.) Large Clusters Of Atoms And Molecules (NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E, No. 313) (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad., 1996)
  19. Yoshimura S, Chang R P H (Eds) Supercarbon: Synthesis, Properties, And Applications (Springer Ser. in Materials Science, Vol. 33) (Heidelberg: Springer, 1998)
  20. Hirsch A (Ed.) Fullerenes And Related Structures (Topics in Current Chemistry, Vol. 1999) (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1999)
  21. Smirnov B M Clusters And Small Particles: In Gases And Plasmas (New York: Springer, 2000)
  22. Campargue R (Ed.) Atomic And Molecular Beams: The State Of The Art 2000 (Berlin: Springer, 2001)
  23. Lakhno V D Klastery v Fizike, Khimii, Biologii (Izhevsk: RKhD, 2001)
  24. Hagena O F "Cluster beams from nozzle sources" In Molecular Beams And Low Density Gasdynamics (Gasdynamics, Vol. 4, Ed. P P Wegener) (New York: M. Dekker, 1974)
  25. Morokhov I D i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 133 653 (1981); Morokhov I D et al. Sov. Phys. Usp. 24 295 (1981)
  26. Miller R E J. Phys. Chem. 90 3301 (1986)
  27. Becker E W Z. Phys. D 3 101 (1986)
  28. Hagena O F Z. Phys. D 4 291 (1987)
  29. Miller D E "Free jet sources" In Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 1 (Ed. G Scoles) (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988)
  30. Kappes M, Leutwyler S "Molecular beams of clusters" In Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 1 (Ed. G Scoles) (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988)
  31. Huisken F Adv. Chem. Phys. 81 63 (1992)
  32. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 162 (1) 119 (1992); Smirnov B M Sov. Phys. Usp. 35 37 (1992)
  33. Miller R E "Infrared laser spectroscopy" In Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 2 (Ed. G Scoles) (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992)
  34. Eletskii A V, Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 163 (2) 33 (1993); Eletskii A V, Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 36 202 (1993)
  35. Buck U J. Phys. Chem. 98 5190 (1994)
  36. Buck U In Advances In Atomic, Molecular, And Optical Physics Vol. 35 (Eds B Bederson, H Walther) (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995) p. 121
  37. Eletskii A V, Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 165 977 (1995); Eletskii A V, Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 38 935 (1995)
  38. Alivisatos A P J. Phys. Chem. 100 13226 (1996)
  39. Bacic Z, Miller R E J. Phys. Chem. 100 12945 (1996)
  40. Castleman A W (Jr), Bowen K H (Jr) J. Phys. Chem. 100 12911 (1996)
  41. Gspann J In Large Clusters Of Atoms And Molecules (NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E, No. 313, Ed. T P Martin) (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad., 1996)
  42. Kohler B et al. Adv. Chem. Phys. 101 83 (1997)
  43. Eletskii A V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 167 945 (1997); Eletskii A V Phys. Usp. 40 899 (1997)
  44. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 167 1169 (1997); Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 40 1117 (1997)
  45. Valbusa U "Molecular beams in high-energy physics: beam targets" In Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 1 (Ed. G Scoles) (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988)
  46. Christen W, Even U J. Phys. Chem. A 102 9420 (1998)
  47. Herschbach D Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 S411 (1999)
  48. Smolli R E Usp. Fiz. Nauk 168 323 (1998); Smalley R E Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 723 (1997)
  49. Kerl R F Usp. Fiz. Nauk 168 331 (1998); Curl R F Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 691 (1997)
  50. Kroto G Usp. Fiz. Nauk 168 343 (1998); Kroto H W Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 703 (1997)
  51. Eletskii A V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 170 113 (2000); Eletskii A V Phys. Usp. 43 111 (2000)
  52. Rakov E G Uspekhi Khimii 69 41 (2000)
  53. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 170 495 (2000); Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 43 453 (2000)
  54. Krainov V P, Smirnov M B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 170 969 (2000); Krainov V P, Smirnov M B Phys. Usp. 43 901 (2000)
  55. Krainov V P, Smirnov M B Phys. Rep. 370 237 (2002)
  56. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 173 609 (2003); Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 46 589 (2003)
  57. Ditmire T et al. Phys. Rev. A 53 3379 (1996)
  58. Ditmire T et al. Phys. Rev. A 57 369 (1998)
  59. Zweiback J et al. Phys. Plasmas 9 3108 (2002)
  60. Eletskii A V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 174 1191 (2004); Eletskii A V Phys. Usp. 47 1119 (2004)
  61. Kwon Y et al. J. Chem. Phys. 113 6469 (2000)
  62. Northby J A J. Chem. Phys. 115 10065 (2001)
  63. Callegari C et al. J. Chem. Phys. 115 10090 (2001)
  64. Stienkemeier F, Vilesov A F J. Chem. Phys. 115 10119 (2001)
  65. Toennies J P, Vilesov A F, Whaley K B Phys. Today 54 (2) 31 (2001)
  66. Dalfovo F, Stringari S J. Chem. Phys. 115 10078 (2001)
  67. Dalfovo F et al. Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 463 (1999)
  68. Lugovoj E et al. "Spectroscopy of single molecules and clusters inside superfluid helium droplets" In Atomic And Molecular Beams: The State Of The Art 2000 (Ed. R Campargue) (Berlin: Springer, 2001) p. 755
  69. Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 174 225 (2004); Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 47 217 (2004)
  70. Kapitsa P L Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 11 1 (1941); Kapitsa P L Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 11 581 (1941)
  71. Pi M, Mayol R, Barranco M Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 3093 (1999)
  72. Pörtner N, Toennies J P, Vilesov A F J. Chem. Phys. 117 6054 (2002)
  73. Chin S A, Krotscheck E Phys. Rev. B 52 10405 (1995)
  74. Sindzingre P, Klein M L, Ceperley D M Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 1601 (1989)
  75. Casas M et al. Z. Phys. D 35 67 (1995)
  76. Rama Krishna M V, Whaley K B J. Chem. Phys. 93 746 (1990)
  77. Ditmire T et al. Nature 386 54 (1997)
  78. Last I, Jortner J J. Phys. Chem. A 102 9655 (1998)
  79. Springate E et al. Phys. Rev. A 61 044101 (2000)
  80. Auguste T et al. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 71 147 (2001)
  81. Skobelev I Yu i dr. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 121 88 (2002)
  82. Maltsev A, Ditmire T Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 053002 (2003)
  83. Parra E et al. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 20 118 (2003)
  84. McPherson A et al. Nature 370 631 (1994)
  85. Dobosz S et al. Phys. Rev. A 56 R2526 (1997)
  86. Ditmire T et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 166 (1997)
  87. Stents K i dr. Kvantovaya Elektron. 30 721 (2000)
  88. Junkel-Vives G C et al. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 71 417 (2001)
  89. Skobelev I Yu i dr. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 121 1124 (2002)
  90. Magunov A I et al. Laser Part. Beams 21 73 (2003)
  91. Fukuda I i dr. Pis’ma ZhETF 78 146 (2003)
  92. Ivanova E P, Ivanov A L Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 127 957 (2005)
  93. Ditmire T et al. Nature 398 489 (1999)
  94. Zweiback J et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 2634 (2000)
  95. Zweiback J et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3640 (2000)
  96. Last I, Jortner J J. Phys. Chem. A 106 10877 (2002)
  97. Madison K W J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 20 113 (2003)
  98. Campbell E E B et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 263 (1993)
  99. Campbell E E B et al. C.R. Phys. 3 341 (2002)
  100. Beuhler R J, Friedlander G, Friedman L Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 1292 (1989)
  101. Pool R Science 245 1448 (1989)
  102. Leonas V B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 160 (11) 135 (1990); Leonas V B Sov. Phys. Usp. 33 956 (1990)
  103. Beuhler R J et al. J. Phys. Chem. 94 7665 (1990)
  104. Beuhler R J et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 473 (1991)
  105. Bae Y K, Lorents D C, Young S E Phys. Rev. A 44 R4091 (1991)
  106. Vandenbosch R et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 3567 (1991)
  107. Vandenbosch R et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 88 116 (1994)
  108. Fortov V E et al. Int. J. Impact Eng. 17 323 (1995)
  109. Velikodnyi V Yu, Bityurin V A Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 41 347 (2003)
  110. John P M St, Beck R D, Whetten R L Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 1467 (1992)
  111. Beauregard J N, Mayne H R Surf. Sci. Lett. 280 L253 (1993)
  112. Beauregard J N, Mayne H R J. Chem. Phys. 99 6667 (1993)
  113. Mair C et al. J. Chem. Phys. 111 2770 (1999)
  114. Christen W, Even U Eur. Phys. J. D 9 29 (1999)
  115. Yasumatsu H et al. J. Chem. Phys. 105 9509 (1996)
  116. Yasumatsu H, Terasaki A, Kondow T J. Chem. Phys. 106 3806 (1997)
  117. Yasumatsu Hm Surf. Rev. Lett. 3 901 (1996)
  118. Schek I et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 257 273 (1996)
  119. Schek I et al. J. Chem. Phys. 101 8596 (1994)
  120. Raz T et al. J. Chem. Phys. 101 8606 (1994)
  121. Raz T, Levine R D Chem. Phys. Lett. 226 47 (1994)
  122. Raz T, Levine R D J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 11167 (1994)
  123. Raz T, Levine R D J. Phys. Chem. 99 13713 (1995)
  124. Raz T, Levine R D J. Phys. Chem. 99 7495 (1995)
  125. Raz T, Levine R D Chem. Phys. Lett. 246 405 (1995)
  126. Gupta M, Walters E A, Blais N C J. Chem. Phys. 104 100 (1996)
  127. Qi L, Sinnott S B J. Phys. Chem. B 101 6883 (1997)
  128. Kornweitz H, Raz T, Levine R D J. Phys. Chem. A 103 10179 (1999)
  129. Nguyen T-N V et al. J. Chem. Phys. 119 7451 (2003)
  130. Takagi T, Yamada I, Sasaki A J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 12 1128 (1975)
  131. Yamada I, Usui H, Takagi T J. Phys. Chem. 91 2463 (1987)
  132. Yamada I, Inokawa H, Takagi T J. Appl. Phys. 56 2746 (1984)
  133. Takagi T et al. Thin Solid Films 126 149 (1985)
  134. Takaoka G H, Yamada I, Takagi T J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 3 2665 (1985)
  135. Yamada I et al. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 4 722 (1986)
  136. Takagi T Vacuum 36 27 (1986)
  137. Usui H, Yamada I, Takagi T J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 4 52 (1986)
  138. Takagi T Pure Appl. Chem. 60 781 (1988)
  139. Sosnowski M, Yamada I Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 46 397 (1990)
  140. Huq S E, McMahon R A, Ahmed H Semicond. Sci. Technol. 5 771 (1990)
  141. Takaoka G H, Ishikawa J, Takagi T J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8 840 (1990)
  142. Yamada I, Takaoka G H Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 32 2121 (1993)
  143. Cleveland C L, Landman U Science 257 355 (1992)
  144. Haberland H, Insepov Z, Moseler M Phys. Rev. B 51 11061 (1995)
  145. Kraft J et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. 158 - 159 131 (2002)
  146. Haberland H et al. Surf. Rev. Lett. 3 887 (1996)
  147. Haberland H et al. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 80 - 81 1320 (1993)
  148. Haberland H et al. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 12 2925 (1994)
  149. Cheng H-P, Landman U J. Phys. Chem. 98 3527 (1994)
  150. Bromann K Surf. Sci. 377 - 379 1051 (1997)
  151. Palmer R E, Pratontep S, Boyen H-G Nature Mater. 2 443 (2003)
  152. Fuchs G et al. Phys. Rev. B 44 3926 (1991)
  153. Melinon P et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 9 339 (1995)
  154. Perez A et al. J. Phys. D 30 709 (1997)
  155. Mélinon P et al. Phys. Rev. B 58 16481 (1998)
  156. Mélinon P et al. CR Phys. 3 273 (2002)
  157. Mélinon P et al. J. Chem. Phys. 107 10278 (1997)
  158. Perez A et al. Mater. Trans. 42 1460 (2001)
  159. Gaudry M et al. Phys. Rev. B 67 155409 (2003)
  160. Jena P et al. MRS Symp. Proc. 206 3 (1991)
  161. Khanna S N, Jena P Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 1664 (1992)
  162. de Heer W A, Milani P, Chtelain A Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 488 (1990)
  163. Khanna S N, Linderoth S Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 742 (1991)
  164. Wiel R Z. Phys D 34 47 (1993)
  165. Harbich W, Fedrigo S, Buttet J Chem. Phys. Lett. 195 613 (1992)
  166. Harbich W et al. J. Chem. Phys. 96 8104 (1992)
  167. Jena P, Khanna S N, Rao B K Surf. Rev. Lett. 3 993 (1996)
  168. Rao B K, Khanna S N, Jena P J. Cluster Sci. 10 477 (1999)
  169. Haberland H et al. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 3266 (1992)
  170. Orloff J Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64 1105 (1993)
  171. Haberland H et al. In Beam Processing Of Advanced Materials: Proc. Of The Second Intern. Conf., Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 1995 (Eds J Singh, J Mazumder, S M Copley) (Materials Park, OH: ASM Intern., 1996) p. 1
  172. Gspann J In Physics And Chemistry Of Finite Systems : From Clusters To Crystals (NATO ASI Ser., Ser. C, No. 374, Eds P Jena, S N Khanna, B K Rao) Vol. 2 (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1992) p. 1115
  173. Gspann J Z. Phys. D 20 421 (1991)
  174. Henkes P R W, Klingelhöfer R J. Phys. 50 159 (1989)
  175. Henkes P R W, Klingelhöfer R Vacuum 39 541 (1989)
  176. Gspann J Microelectron. Eng. 27 517 (1995)
  177. Gspann J In Large Clusters Of Atoms And Molecules (NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E, No. 313, Ed. T P Martin) (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad., 1996) p. 443
  178. von Blanckenhagen P, Gruber A, Gspann J Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 122 322 (1997)
  179. Gruber A, Gspann J J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 15 2362 (1997)
  180. Gruber A, Gspann J, Hoffmann H Appl. Phys. A 68 197 (1999)
  181. Rattunde O et al. J. Appl. Phys. 90 3226 (2001)
  182. Bromann K et al. Science 274 956 (1996)
  183. Akizuki M et al. Surf. Rev. Lett. 3 891 (1996)
  184. Qiang Y et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. 100 - 101 27 (1998)
  185. Henkes P R W, Krevet B J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 13 2133 (1995)
  186. Yamaguchi Y, Gspann J Eur. Phys. J. D 16 103 (2001)
  187. Yamaguchi Y, Gspann J, Inaba T Eur. Phys. J. D 24 315 (2003)
  188. Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu, Predtechenskii M R Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 56 (7) 1393 (1986)
  189. Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu, Predtechenskii M R Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 57 (4) 760 (1987)
  190. Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu, Predtechenskiy M R Chem. Phys. Lett. 139 124 (1987)
  191. Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu, Predtechenskii M R Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 58 (10) 1897 (1988)
  192. Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu, Predtechenskii M R Fizika Klasterov (Pod red. A A Vostrikova, A K Rebrova) (Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1987)
  193. Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu Z. Phys. D 20 61 (1991)
  194. Vostrikov A A et al. Z. Phys. D 40 542 (1997)
  195. Gebhardt C R, Schröder H, Kompa K-L Nature 400 544 (1999)
  196. Andersson P U, Pettersson J B C Z. Phys. D 41 57 (1997)
  197. Andersson P U, Pettersson J B C J. Phys. Chem. B 102 7428 (1998)
  198. Even U et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 965 (1986)
  199. De Lange P J, Renkema P J, Kommandeur J J. Phys. Chem. 92 5749 (1988)
  200. Yeretzian C, Hansen K, Whetten R L Science 260 652 (1993)
  201. Leisner T et al. Z. Phys. D 20 127 (1991)
  202. Amrein A, Simpson R, Hackett P J. Chem. Phys. 95 1781 (1991)
  203. Yeretzian C, Whetten R L Z. Phys. D 24 199 (1992)
  204. Campbell E E B, Ulmer G, Hertel I V Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 1986 (1991)
  205. John P M St, Whetten R L Chem. Phys. Lett. 196 330 (1992)
  206. John P M St, Yeretzian C, Whetten R L J. Phys. Chem. 96 9100 (1992)
  207. Hendell E, Even U J. Chem. Phys. 103 9045 (1995)
  208. Töglhofer K et al. J. Chem. Phys. 99 8254 (1993)
  209. Töglhofer K et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 88 44 (1994)
  210. Baudin K et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 117 47 (1996)
  211. Billebaud A et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 112 79 (1996)
  212. Aumayr F et al. Int. J. Mass Spectr. Ion Proc. 163 (3) 9L (1997)
  213. Aumayr F et al. Int. J. Mass Spectr. Ion Proc. 174 317 (1998)
  214. Winter H P et al. Phys. Rev. A 56 3007 (1997)
  215. Fallavier M Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 112 72 (1996)
  216. Hendell E et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 2670 (1995)
  217. Christen W et al. Int. J. Mass Spectr. Ion Proc. 174 35 (1998)
  218. Christen W, Even U Eur. Phys. J. D 24 283 (2003)
  219. Farizon B et al. Int. J. Mass Spectr. Ion Proc. 164 225 (1997)
  220. Ehlich R, Westerburg M, Campbell E E B J. Chem. Phys. 104 1900 (1996)
  221. Ouaskit S et al. Int. J. Mass Spectr. Ion Proc. 139 141 (1994)
  222. LeBrun T et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 3965 (1994)
  223. Farizon B et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 88 86 (1994)
  224. Hvelplund P et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 1915 (1992)
  225. Mazuy B et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 28 497 (1987)
  226. Raz T, Even U, Levine R D J. Chem. Phys. 103 5394 (1995)
  227. Raz T, Levine R D J. Chem. Phys. 105 8097 (1996)
  228. Raz T, Levine R D Chem. Phys. 213 263 (1996)
  229. Lifshitz C, Louage F J. Phys. Chem. 93 5633 (1989)
  230. Wei S, Tzeng W B, Castleman A W (Jr) J. Chem. Phys. 92 332 (1990)
  231. Echt O et al. J. Chem. Phys. 82 4076 (1985)
  232. Wei S, Tzeng W B, Castleman A W (Jr) J. Chem. Phys. 93 2506 (1990)
  233. Beck R D et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 187 122 (1991)
  234. Beck R D et al. J. Phys. Chem. 95 8402 (1991)
  235. Mowrey R C et al. J. Phys. Chem. 95 7138 (1991)
  236. Even U, Schek I, Jortner J Chem. Phys. Lett. 202 303 (1993)
  237. Schek I, Jortner J J. Chem. Phys. 104 4337 (1996)
  238. Gross A, Levine R D J. Phys. Chem. A 107 9567 (2003)
  239. Mandrich M L, Reents W D (Jr), Bondebey V E In Atomic And Molecular Clusters (Ed. E R Bernstein) (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990)
  240. de Heer W A Rev. Mod. Phys. 65 611 (1993)
  241. Haberland H In Clusters Of Atoms And Molecules: Theory Experiment, And Clusters Of Atoms (Springer Ser. in Chemical Physics, Vol. 52, Ed. H Haberland) (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1994)
  242. Pauly H "High-energy beam sources" In Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 1 (Ed. G Scoles) (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988)
  243. Sattler K, Mühlbach J, Recknagel E Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 821 (1980)
  244. Krätschmer W et al. Nature 347 354 (1990)
  245. Bergmann W et al. Z. Phys. D 3 183 (1986)
  246. Michalopoulos D L et al. J. Phys. Chem. 86 3914 (1982)
  247. Milani P, de Heer W A Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61 1835 (1990)
  248. Bhaskar N D et al. Phys. Rev. B 36 4418 (1987)
  249. Ehbrecht M et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 214 34 (1993)
  250. Ehbrecht M, Huisken F Phys. Rev. B 59 2975 (1999)
  251. Aman C, Holmlid L J. Phys. D 24 1049 (1991)
  252. Rutzen M et al. Z. Phys. D 38 89 (1996)
  253. Gough T E et al. J. Chem. Phys. 83 4958 (1985)
  254. Vach H Phys. Rev. B 59 13413 (1999)
  255. Vach H J. Chem. Phys. 111 3536 (1999)
  256. Thomas J M Michael Faraday And The Royal Institution : The Genius Of Man And Place (Bristol: A. Hilger, 1991)
  257. Aitken J Collected Scientific Papers Of John Aitken (Ed. C G Knott) (Cambridge: The Univ. Press, 1923)
  258. Wilson J G The Principles Of Cloud-Chamber Technique (Cambridge: Univ. Press, 1951)
  259. Kantrowitz A, Grey J Rev. Sci. Instrum. 22 328 (1951)
  260. Kistiakowsky G B, Slichter W P Rev. Sci. Instrum. 22 333 (1951)
  261. Becker E W, Bier K, Henkes W Z. Phys. 146 333 (1956)
  262. Oswatitsch K Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 22 1 (1942)
  263. Bentley P G Nature 190 432 (1961)
  264. Henkes W Z. Naturforsch. A 16 842 (1961)
  265. Hagena O F, Obert W J. Chem. Phys. 56 1793 (1972)
  266. Hagena O F Surf. Sci. 106 101 (1981)
  267. Hagena O F Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63 2374 (1992)
  268. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 164 665 (1994); Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 37 621 (1994)
  269. Wörmer J et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 159 321 (1989)
  270. Farges J et al. J. Chem. Phys. 84 3491 (1986)
  271. Abraham O et al. Phys. Fluids 24 1017 (1981)
  272. Miller D R, Fineman M A, Murphy H R in Rarefied Gas Dynamics: 13th Intern. Symp., 1982, Novosibirsk Vol. 2 (Eds O M Belotserkovskii et al.) (New York: Plenum Press, 1985)
  273. Murphy H R, Miller D R J. Phys. Chem. 88 4474 (1984)
  274. Kappes M et al. Z. Phys. D 5 359 (1987)
  275. Schlag E W, Selzle H L J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 86 2511 (1990)
  276. Gough T E, Knight D G, Scoles G Chem. Phys. Lett. 97 155 (1983)
  277. Boesiger J, Leutwyler S Z. Phys. Chem. 154 31 (1987)
  278. Kappes M M, Kunz R W, Schumacher E Chem. Phys. Lett. 91 413 (1982)
  279. Dietz T G et al. J. Chem. Phys. 74 6511 (1981)
  280. Powers D E et al. J. Phys. Chem. 86 2556 (1982)
  281. Hopkins J B et al. J. Chem. Phys. 78 1627 (1983)
  282. Smalley R E Laser Chem. 2 167 (1983)
  283. Gole J L, English J H, Bondybey V E J. Phys. Chem. 86 2560 (1982)
  284. Rohlfing E A, Cox D M, Kaldor A Chem. Phys. Lett. 99 161 (1983)
  285. Richtsmeier S C et al. J. Chem. Phys. 82 3659 (1985)
  286. Kroto H W et al. Nature 318 162 (1985)
  287. Liu Y et al. J. Chem. Phys. 85 7434 (1986)
  288. Yang S H et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 139 233 (1987)
  289. de Heer W A, Milani P, Chtelain A Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 2834 (1989)
  290. Heath J R et al. J. Chem. Phys. 83 5520 (1985)
  291. Pellarin M et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 224 338 (1994)
  292. O’Brien S C et al. J. Chem. Phys. 84 4074 (1986)
  293. Zhang Q L et al. J. Phys. Chem. 90 525 (1986)
  294. Pellarin M et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 277 96 (1997)
  295. Downer M C, Fork R L, Shank C V J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2 595 (1985)
  296. Cox D M et al. J. Phys. Chem. 92 421 (1988)
  297. Brucat P J et al. J. Chem. Phys. 84 3078 (1986)
  298. Becker E W, Klingelhöfer R, Lohse P Z. Naturforsch. A 17 432 (1962)
  299. Bauchert J, Hagena O F Z. Naturforsch. A 20 1135 (1965)
  300. Henkes W Z. Naturforsch. A 17 786 (1962)
  301. Greene F T, Milne T A J. Chem. Phys. 39 3150 (1963)
  302. Hagena O F, Henkes P R W Z. Naturforsch. A 20 1344 (1965)
  303. Jortner J Ber. Bunsen-Gesell. Phys. Chem. 88 188 (1984)
  304. Muntz E P Phys. Fluids 5 80 (1962)
  305. Coe D et al. in Rarefied Gas Dynamics: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp., Cannes, France, July 3 – 8, 1978 Vol. 2 (Ed. R Campargue) (Paris: Commisariat a l’Energie Atomique, 1979) p. 907
  306. Levy D H, Wharton L, Smalley R E In Chemical And Biochemical Applications Of Lasers Vol. 11 (Ed. C B Moore) (New York: Academic Press, 1977) p. 1
  307. Levy D H Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 31 197 (1980)
  308. Amirav A, Even V, Jortner J Chem. Phys. 51 31 (1980)
  309. Hefter U, Bergmann K "Spectroscopic detection methods" In Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 2 (Ed. G Scoles) (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992)
  310. Holland R J et al. J. Chem. Phys. 88 7952 (1988)
  311. Messiah A Quantum Mechanics Vol. 2 (Amsterdam: Interscience Publ., 1962)
  312. Kittel C Introduction To Solid State Physics 5th ed. (New York: Willey, 1976)
  313. Farges J, Raoult B, Torchet G J. Chem. Phys. 59 3454 (1973)
  314. Farges J et al. Surf. Sci. 106 95 (1981)
  315. Kim S S, Stein G D Rev. Sci. Instrum. 53 838 (1982)
  316. Torchet G et al. In The Chemical Physics Of Atomic And Molecular Clusters (Proc. of the Intern. School of Physics "Enrico Fermi", Course 107, Ed. G Scoles) (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1990)
  317. Kovalenko S I i dr. FNT 24 481 (1998)
  318. Lee J W, Stein G D Surf. Sci. 156 112 (1985)
  319. Lee J W, Stein G D J. Phys. Chem. 91 2450 (1987)
  320. Farges J et al. J. Chem. Phys. 78 5067 (1983)
  321. Torchet G, de Feraudy M-F, Loreaux Y J. Mol. Struct. 485 - 486 261 (1999)
  322. Stein G D, Wegener P P J. Chem. Phys. 46 3685 (1967)
  323. Newton R G Scattering Theory Of Waves And Particles (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966)
  324. Kerker M The Scattering Of Light, And Other Electromagnetic Radiation (New York: Academic Press, 1969)
  325. Abraham O, Kim S-S, Stein G D J. Chem. Phys. 75 402 (1981)
  326. Ditmire T et al. J. Phys. B 31 2825 (1998)
  327. Smith R A, Ditmire T, Tisch J W G Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69 3798 (1998)
  328. Karnbach R et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64 2838 (1993)
  329. Buck U, Krohne R J. Chem. Phys. 105 5408 (1996)
  330. Lewerenz M, Schilling B, Toennies J P Chem. Phys. Lett. 206 381 (1993)
  331. Lewerenz M, Schilling B, Toennies J P J. Chem. Phys. 102 8191 (1995)
  332. Lokhman V N, Makarov G N Chem. Phys. Lett. 398 453 (2004)
  333. Lokhman V N, Makarov G N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 127 570 (2005)
  334. Gough T E, Miller R E, Scoles G Appl. Phys. Lett. 30 338 (1977)
  335. Gough T E, Miller R E, Scoles G J. Mol. Spectrosc. 72 124 (1978)
  336. Apatin V M et al. Appl. Phys. B 29 273 (1982)
  337. Apatin V M, Makarov G N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 84 15 (1983)
  338. Zen M "Accommodation, accumulation, and other detection methods" In Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 1 (Ed. G Scoles) (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988)
  339. Ambartzumian R V et al. Appl. Phys. B 22 409 (1980)
  340. Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 173 913 (2003); Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 46 889 (2003)
  341. Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 175 41 (2005); Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 48 37 (2005)
  342. Becker E W, Klingelhofer R, Mayer H Z. Naturforsch. A 23 274 (1968)
  343. Becker E W, Gspann J, Krieg G Entropie 30 59 (1969)
  344. Krieg G Doctoral Thesis (Karlsruhe, Germany: Univ. of Karlsruhe, 1970)
  345. Gspann J, Krieg G In Rarefied Gas Dynamics (Ed. C G Cercignani) (New York: Academic Press, 1972)
  346. Mayer H Doctoral Thesis (Karlsruhe, Germany: Univ. of Karlsruhe, 1972)
  347. Gspann J, Krieg G J. Chem. Phys. 61 4037 (1974)
  348. Goodman F O Surf. Sci. 26 327 (1971)
  349. Smith J N (Jr) Surf. Sci. 34 613 (1973)
  350. Gspann J, Körting K J. Chem. Phys. 59 4726 (1973)
  351. Farges J et al. Ber. Bunsen-Gesell. Phys. Chem. 88 211 (1984)
  352. Farges J et al. Surf. Sci. 106 95 (1981)
  353. Xu G-Q, Bernasek S L, Tully J C J. Chem. Phys. 88 3376 (1988)
  354. Xu G-Q et al. J. Chem. Phys. 90 3831 (1989)
  355. Beauregard J N, Mayne H R Chem. Phys. Lett. 173 189 (1990)
  356. Gentry W R "Low-energy pulsed beam sources" In Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 1 (Ed. G Scoles) (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988)
  357. Châtelet M et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 196 563 (1992)
  358. Vach H et al. J. Chem. Phys. 100 8526 (1994)
  359. Vach H et al. J. Chem. Phys. 103 1972 (1995)
  360. De Martino A et al. J. Chem. Phys. 105 7828 (1996)
  361. Benslimane M et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 237 323 (1995)
  362. Pradère F et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65 161 (1994)
  363. Andersson P U et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 279 100 (1997)
  364. Svanberg M, Marković N, Pettersson J B C Chem. Phys. 220 137 (1997)
  365. Marković N, Pettersson J B C J. Chem. Phys. 100 3911 (1994)
  366. Pettersson J B C, Marković N Chem. Phys. Lett. 201 421 (1993)
  367. Head-Gordon M et al. J. Chem. Phys. 94 1516 (1991)
  368. Tomsic A, Marković N, Pettersson J B C Chem. Phys. Lett. 329 200 (2000)
  369. Svanberg M, Marković N, Pettersson J B C Chem. Phys. 201 473 (1995)
  370. Tomsic A et al. J. Chem. Phys. 115 10509 (2001)
  371. Dreyfuss D, Wachman H Y J. Chem. Phys. 76 2031 (1982)
  372. Mironov S G et al. Surf. Sci. 106 212 (1981)
  373. Dreyfuss D, Wachman H Y In Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Intern. Symp., 12th, Charlottesville, VA, USA, July 7 – 11, 1980, Technical Papers (Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 74, Ed. S S Fisher) Vol. 1 (New York: American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1981) p. 183
  374. Eisenberg D, Kauzmann W The Structure And Properties Of Water (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1969)
  375. Christen W et al. Ber. Bunsen-Gesell. Phys. Chem. 96 1197 (1992)
  376. Lee G H et al. Z. Phys. D 20 9 (1991)
  377. Nimlos M R, Ellison G B J. Phys. Chem. 90 2574 (1986)
  378. Tomsic A et al. J. Chem. Phys. 119 4916 (2003)
  379. Knight B, Goodall D M, Greenhow R C J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 75 841 (1979)
  380. Cheng H-P, Landman U Science 260 1304 (1993)
  381. Fort E et al. Eur. Phys. J. D 14 71 (2001)
  382. Fort E et al. J. Chem. Phys. 110 2579 (1999)
  383. Fort E et al. Eur. Phys. J. D 7 229 (1999)
  384. Baragiola R A Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 88 35 (1994)
  385. Jacquet D, Le Beyec Y Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 193 227 (2002)
  386. Abroyan I A, Eremeev M A, Petrov N N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 92 105 (1967); Abroyan I A, Eremeev M A, Petrov N N Sov. Phys. Usp. 10 332 (1967)
  387. Arifov U F i dr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 43 (1) 184 (1973)
  388. Hangstrum H D In Inelastic Ion-Surface Collisions (Eds N H Tolk et al.) (New York: Academic Press, 1977)
  389. Hofer W O In Sputtering By Particle Bombardment (Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 64, Eds R Behrisch, K Witmaack) Vol. 3 (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991) p. 15
  390. Baragiola R A et al. Surf. Sci. 90 240 (1979)
  391. Dvooght J et al. In Particle Induced Electron Emission I (Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 122, Eds G Hohler, E A Niekisch) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991)
  392. Yu M L In Sputtering By Particle Bombardment (Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 64, Eds R Behrisch, K Witmaack) Vol. 3 (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991) p. 91
  393. Hasselkamp D et al. Particle Induced Electron Emission II (Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 123, Ed. G Hohler) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992)
  394. Baragiola R A Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 78 223 (1993)
  395. Parilis E S, Kishinevskii L M Fiz. Tverd. Tela 61 1219 (1961)
  396. Rösler M et al. In Particle Induced Electron Emission I (Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 122, Eds G Hohler, E A Niekisch) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991)
  397. Kennedy E T Phys. Scripta T95 32 (2001)
  398. Aumayr F, Winter H P Comments At. Mol. Phys. 29 275 (1994)
  399. Stock G Chem. Phys. Lett. 224 131 (1994)
  400. Robinson P, Kholbruk K Monomolekulyarnye Reaktsii (M.: Mir, 1975)
  401. Hagstrum H D Phys. Rev. 96 325 (1954); Hagstrum H D Phys. Rev. 96 336 (1954)
  402. Schou J Phys. Rev. B 22 2141 (1980)
  403. Hasselkamp D Particle Induced Electron Emission II (Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 123, Ed. G Hohler) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992) p. 149
  404. Lakits G, Aumayr F, Winter H Rev. Sci. Instrum. 60 3151 (1989)
  405. Töglhofer K, Aumayr F, Winter H Surf. Sci. 281 143 (1993)
  406. Eder H et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68 165 (1997)
  407. Lakits G et al. Phys. Rev. A 42 5780 (1990)
  408. Kirson Z et al. Surf. Sci. 151 531 (1985)
  409. Levy D H In Photoselective Chemistry (Advances in Chemical Physics, Vol. 47, Eds J Jortner, R D Levine, S A Rice) Vol. 1 (New York: Wiley, 1981)
  410. Mints R I, Mil’man I I, Kryuk V I Usp. Fiz. Nauk 119 749 (1976); Mints R I, Mil’man I I, Kryuk B I Sov. Phys. Usp. 19 697 (1976)
  411. Herring C, Nichols M H Rev. Mod. Phys. 21 185 (1949)
  412. Wang L-S et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 182 5 (1991)
  413. Foltin M et al. J. Chem. Phys. 98 9624 (1993)
  414. Leisner T et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 148 386 (1988)
  415. Klots C E J. Phys. Chem. 92 5864 (1988)
  416. Landman U, Scharf D, Jortner J Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 1860 (1985)
  417. O’Brien S C et al. J. Chem. Phys. 88 220 (1988)
  418. Scheier P et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 2654 (1996)
  419. Beck R D et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 257 557 (1996)
  420. Beck R D et al. J. Chem. Phys. 104 3638 (1996)
  421. Amar F G, Perera L Z. Phys. D 20 173 (1991)
  422. Papanikolas J M, Maslen P E, Parson R J. Chem. Phys. 102 2452 (1995)
  423. Gerber R B, Amirav A J. Phys. Chem. 90 4483 (1986)
  424. Rettner C T, Michelsen H A, Auerbach D J Chem. Phys. 175 157 (1993)
  425. Rettner C T et al. J. Phys. Chem. 100 13021 (1996)
  426. Gross A et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 354 395 (2002)
  427. Beuhler R, Friedman L Chem. Rev. 86 521 (1986)
  428. Hanley L (Ed.) "Polyatomic ion-surface interactions" Int. J. Mass Spectr. Ion Proc. 174 (1 - 3) (1998)
  429. Even U et al. Comments At. Mol. Phys. (D1) 1 (1999)
  430. Focus (June) 57 - 59 (1995)
  431. Zel’dovich Ya B, Raizer Yu P Fizika Udarnykh Voln i Vysokotemperaturnykh Gidrodinamicheskikh Yavlenii (M.: Nauka, 1966)
  432. Ross M J. Chem. Phys. 71 1567 (1979)
  433. Landau L D, Lifshits E M Gidrodinamika (M.: Nauka, 1986)
  434. Eisenberg J M, Greiner W Nuclear Theory Vol. 1 Nuclear Models (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1987)
  435. Fleischmann M, Pons S J. Electroanalit. Chem. 261 301 (1989)
  436. Jones S E et al. Nature 338 737 (1989)
  437. Koonin S E, Nauenberg M Nature 339 690 (1989)
  438. Leggett A J, Baym G Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 191 (1989)
  439. Arzhannikov A V, Kezerashvili G Ya, Kruglyakov E P Usp. Fiz. Nauk 169 699 (1999); Arzhannikov A V, Kezerashvili G Ya, Kruglyakov E P Phys. Usp. 42 615 (1999)
  440. Winterberg F Z. Naturforsch. A 19 231 (1964)
  441. Manzon B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 134 611 (1981); Manzon B M Sov. Phys. Usp. 24 662 (1981)
  442. Cecil F E, McNeil J A Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 2210 (1990)
  443. Amato I Science 254 515 (1991)
  444. Lo D H, Petrasso R D, Wenzel K W Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 2107 (1992)
  445. Amato I Science 256 178 (1992)
  446. Carraro C et al. Phys. Rev. A 42 1379 (1990)
  447. Shirokov Yu M, Yudin N P Yadernaya Fizika (M.: Nauka, 1980)
  448. Fallavier M et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 621 (1990)
  449. Fallavier M et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 1022 (1993)
  450. Fallavier M et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 88 122 (1994)
  451. Echenique P M, Manson J R, Ritchie R H Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 1413 (1990)
  452. Beuhler R J, Friedlander G, Friedman L Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 2108 (1992)
  453. Shapiro M H, Tombrello T A Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 92 (1990)
  454. Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu, Agarkov A A Pis’ma ZhETF 63 915 (1996)
  455. Agarkov A A et al. Eur. Phys. J. D 9 331 (1999)
  456. Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu, Agarkov A A Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 39 26 (2001)
  457. Frenzel U et al. Z. Phys. D 40 108 (1997)
  458. Frenzel U, Roggenkamp A, Kreisle D Chem. Phys. Lett. 240 109 (1995)
  459. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 163 (7) 51 (1993); Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 36 592 (1993)
  460. Luizova L A, Smirnov B M, Khakhaev A D Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 309 1359 (1989)
  461. Luizova L A Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 28 897 (1990)
  462. Faraday M The Chemical History Of A Candle (New York: Crowell, 1957)
  463. Weber B, Scholl R J. Illum. Eng. Soc. (Summer) 93 (1992)
  464. Scholl R In Physics And Chemistry Of Finite Systems: From Clusters To Crystals (NATO ASI Ser., Ser. C, No. 374, Eds P Jena, S N Khanna, B K Rao) Vol. 2 (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1992) p. 1275
  465. Weber B, Scholl R J. Appl. Phys. 74 607 (1993)
  466. Scholl R, Notour G AIP Conf. Proc. 363 373 (1996)
  467. Bar-Ziv E, Weiss S J. Chem. Phys. 64 2412 (1976)
  468. Levine R D, Bernstein R B Molecular Reaction Dynamics And Chemical Reactivity (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1987)
  469. Cho M-H et al. J. Appl. Phys. 85 2909 (1999)
  470. Huisken F, Kohn B, Paillard V Appl. Phys. Lett. 74 3776 (1999)
  471. Diederich L et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 2662 (1999)
  472. Cich M et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 2116 (1998)
  473. Gleiter H Nanostruct. Mater. 6 3 (1995)
  474. Perry M D, Mourou G Science 264 917 (1994)
  475. Kryukov P G Kvantovaya Elektron. 31 95 (2001)
  476. Shao Y L et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3343 (1996)
  477. Hansen J P, Sørevik T, Madsen L B Phys. Rev. A 68 031401(R) (2003)
  478. Smirnov M B i dr. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 125 1283 (2004)
  479. Norreys P A et al. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 40 175 (1998)
  480. Andreev A V, Gordienko V M, Savel’ev A B Kvantovaya Elektron. 31 941 (2001)
  481. Belyaev V S i dr. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 125 1295 (2004)
  482. Junkel-Vives G C et al. Phys. Rev. A 66 033204 (2002)
  483. Magunov A I i dr. Pis’ma ZhETF 74 412 (2001)
  484. Chichkov B N et al. Phys. Rev. A 50 2691 (1994)
  485. Lezius M et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 261 (1998)
  486. Hutchinson H Science 280 693 (1998)
  487. McPherson A et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 1810 (1994)
  488. Ditmire T et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 3122 (1995)
  489. Dobosh S i dr. Pis’ma ZhETF 68 454 (1998)
  490. Skobelev I Yu i dr. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 121 88 (2002)
  491. Wabnitz H et al. Nature 420 482 (2002)
  492. Kapteyn H C, Ditmire T Nature 420 467 (2002)
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions