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Electronic structure of superheavy atoms

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We describe the status of the problem of the electron structure of superheavy atoms with nuclear charge Z > Z[sub]c[/sub] ; here Z[sub]c[/sub]≈170 is the critical value of the nuclear charge, at which the energy of the ground state of the 1S[sub]1/2 [/sub]electron reaches the limit of the lower continuum of the solutions of the Dirac equation (&z.ele; = - m[sub]e[/sub]c[sup]2[/sup]) . We discuss the dependence of Z[sub]c[/sub] on the nuclear radius R and on the character of the distribution of the electric charge inside the nucleus, and also the form of the wave functions at Z close to Z[sub]c[/sub] . Owing to the Coulomb barrier , the state of the electron remains localized at Z > Z[sub]c[/sub] , in spite of the fact that its energy approaches the continuum. An analysis of the polarization of the vacuum in a strong Coulomb field shows that a bare nucleus with supercritical charge Z > Z[sub]c[/sub] produces spontaneously two positrons and, in addition a charge density with a total of two units of negative charge in the vacuum. The distribution of this density is localized in a region of dimension r ≈ ħ/m[sub]e[/sub]c at the nucleus. The possibility of experimentally observing the effect of quasistatic production of positrons in the collision of two bare uranium nuclei (i.e., without electrons) is discussed. A brief review is presented of work on the motion of levels with increasing depth of the potential well in other relativistic equations (Kelin-Gordon, Proca, etc.).

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Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.1070/PU1972v014n06ABEH004735
PACS: 31.15.Md, 32.10.Dk, 36.10.Dr, 34.50.−s (all)
DOI: 10.1070/PU1972v014n06ABEH004735
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/1972/6/a/
Citation: Zeldovich Ya B, Popov V S "Electronic structure of superheavy atoms" Sov. Phys. Usp. 14 673–694 (1972)
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Îðèãèíàë: Çåëüäîâè÷ ß Á, Ïîïîâ Â Ñ «Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà ñâåðõòÿæåëûõ àòîìîâ» ÓÔÍ 105 403–440 (1971); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0105.197111b.0403

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