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Пробой на убегающих электронах и электрические разряды во время грозы

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Физический институт им. П.Н. Лебедева РАН, Ленинский проспект 53, Москва, 119991, Российская Федерация

В обзоре изложена теория нового физического явления — лавинообразного размножения в веществе быстрых электронов с характерной энергией 0,1-10 MэВ, которое называют пробоем на убегающих электронах (ПУЭ). В условиях атмосферы ПУЭ возникает в постоянном электрическом поле, на порядок меньшем поля обычного пробоя. Экспериментальные исследования последних лет показывают, что ПУЭ определяет максимальные электрические поля в грозовой атмосфере, а также ряд важных новых наблюдаемых явлений: гигантские высотные разряды между грозовыми облаками и ионосферой, аномальные вспышки рентгеновского излучения, мощные всплески $\gamma$-излучения и др. Их исследование интенсивно расширяется. Необходимое условие возникновения ПУЭ — наличие высокоэнергичных затравочных частиц. Ими являются вторичные электроны космических лучей. Поэтому наблюдаемые эффекты отражают тесную взаимную связь между электродинамическими процессами в грозовой атмосфере и космическими лучами. Приведены также результаты первых лабораторных экспериментов, посвященных изучению ПУЭ. Развитие этих исследований может представлять интерес для сильноточной электроники.

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English fulltext is available at DOI: 10.1070/PU2001v044n11ABEH000939
PACS: 52.80.−s, 52.80.Mg, 92.60.Pw (все)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0171.200111b.1177
URL: https://ufn.ru/ru/articles/2001/11/b/
000174555600002
Цитата: Гуревич А В, Зыбин К П "Пробой на убегающих электронах и электрические разряды во время грозы" УФН 171 1177–1199 (2001)
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English citation: Gurevich A V, Zybin K P “Runaway breakdown and electric discharges in thunderstorms” Phys. Usp. 44 1119–1140 (2001); DOI: 10.1070/PU2001v044n11ABEH000939

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