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| Issue 12, 2024 |
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Extracts from the Internet | ||
A possible discovery of a glueball1 June 2024The theory of strong interactions in quantum chromodynamics predicts the existence of an exotic hadron – a glueball differing from ordinary mesons and baryons by the absence of quarks in its composition. Such particles, consisting of gluons alone (carriers of strong interaction) can be born owing to a nonlinear self-interaction of the gluon field carrying a color charge. They cannot be reliably registered in experiment because of a short lifetime and glueball mixing with mesons, although some evidence of glueball production was obtained at the Large Hadron Collider in 2021. The radiative decay of J/ψ meson is a process rich in gluons and is therefore thought of as promising for glueball investigation. The hadron X(2370), also known as π+π-η' resonance, which can be the lightest pseudoscalar glueball, must be present among the decay products. The probabilities of different J/ψ-meson decay channels, as well as the mass and width of X(2370) decay were measured anew in the BESIII experiment at the Beijing electron-positron collider [1]. The statistical significance of X(2370) recording, based on the analysis of 1010 decays, is estimated to be 11.7 σ. Moreover, the spin parity of this particle was measured for the first time and was 0+−, as it should be for a glueball. The measured mass 2395 ± 11(stat.)+26−94(syst.) MeV of particle X(2370) is also well consistent with the mass 2395 ± 14 MeV predicted for the glueball by the “lattice QCD” method. [1] Ablikim M et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 132 181901 (2024) Quantum measurement without the wave function collapse1 June 2024In quantum mechanics, the measurement process is often described as a wave function collapse, when in the interaction with a classical measuring device the quantum system passes into one of the proper states [2-4]. Nevertheless, H E Dyte (University of Sheffield, Great Britain) and their co-authors demonstrated in their experiment an example of quantum measurement without a wave function collapse [5]. Investigated was a qubit on the basis of electron spin at the quantum dot GaAs/AlGaAs in a magnetic field. With the help of coupling far from resonance, the qubit interacted with a system of ≈104-105 nuclear spins with a long coherence time. Owing to such a large number of spins, the system could be considered as a classical object. The state of the electron spin was copied straight away onto states of many nuclear spins, and this redundancy allowed measuring the electron state with quantum fidelity of 99.85 %, the measurement not leading to a wave function collapse, but admitting the description of the measuring process within its linear evolution. Measurement without a wave function collapse resembles the “quantum Darwinism” concept describing transition from quantum to classical state. [2] Kadomtsev B B, Kadomtsev M B Phys. Usp. 39 609 (1996); UFN 166 651 (1996) [3] Belinsky A V Phys. Usp. 63 1256 (2020); UFN 190 1335 (2020) [4] Fedorov A K et al. Phys. Usp. 66 1095 (2023); UFN 193 1162 (2023) [5] Dyte H E et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 132 160804 (2024) Nonstationary Kapitza – Dirac effect1 June 2024In 1933, P L Kapitza and P Dirac showed a theoretical possibility of an electron beam diffraction of a standing electromagnetic wave due to a stimulated Compton scattering [6]. The Kapitza – Dirac effect has been investigated experimentally since 1965 [7, 8], but it was only in 2001 that it was observed in pure form with a verification of Bragg’s condition of reflection form a standing wave. Initially, the Kapitza – Dirac effect was considered in the stationary case with a monochromatic electron spectrum. R Dorner (Goethe University, Germany) and his colleagues were the first to observe a nonstationary ultrafast Kapitza – Dirac effect for short electron pulses with a broad spectrum [9]. The electrons got out upon xenon atom tunnel ionization [10] under 60-femtosecond laser bursts. Part of the laser light, which did not produce ionization, was a test beam on which interference took place as a gain of additional oscillations in the pulse distribution of electrons. The spectral shifts were inversely proportional to the time delay between electrons and the test laser pulse. Calculations showed that this is just the dependence to appear due to the Kapitza – Dirac effect. [6] Kapitza P L, Dirac P A M Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 29 297 (1933) [7] Letokhov V S Sov. Phys. Usp. 9 178 (1966); UFN 88 396 (1966) [8] Smorodinskii Ya A Sov. Phys. Usp. 30 823 (1987); UFN 153 187 (1987) [9] Lin K et al. Science 383 1467 (2024) [10] Keldysh L V Phys. Usp. 60 1187 (2017); UFN 187 1280 (2017) Ultrafast optical microscopy beyond the diffraction limit1 June 2024The application in optical observations of evanescent fields made it possible to overcome the diffraction limit, but for slow processes only. On the other hand, the use of ultrashort optical pulses allows observation of fast processes, but with poor spatial resolution – much larger than the atom size. T Siday (University of Regensburg, Germany) and their co-authors developed a combined technique, for the first time achieving in one optical observation a subdiffraction resolution on the scale of one atom and time resolution at the level of one oscillation of an electromagnetic wave [11]. A tungsten needle was used near the surface of a WSe2 monolayer on a gold substrate illuminated by light pulses. Under the influence of light, electrons tunneled between the needle and the surface at the light wave frequency, and electromagnetic radiation of the tunneling current was observed. The spatial resolution in observation of surface defects using this method made up ≈ pm with time resolution of ≈ fs. For the use of metalenses for obtaining images with subwave resolution, see [12]. [11] Siday T et al. Nature 629 329 (2024) [12] Baryshnikova K V et al. Phys. Usp. 65 355 (2022) ; UFN 192 386 (2022) Radiation near a black hole1 June 2024An accretion gas disc, which has a high temperature and emits X rays, is formed, as a rule, around black holes (BHs). The disc has an inner boundary near the last stable orbit. The emission of matter in the space between the BH horizon and the inner boundary of the disc was typically neglected, assuming the disc to end abruptly. However, as far back as 1973, I D Novikov and K Thorne noted that the magnetic field can modify this boundary condition and, according to the results of modern numerical simulation, radiation from the indicated internal region can make a noticeable contribution to the general flux. In a series of studies, A Mummery and S Balbus formed an analytical model allowing a description of radiation generation in the internal region. In their new work, A Mummery (University of Oxford, Great Britain) and their co-authors [13] used the new model to fit a BH spectrum in the X-ray binary system MAXIJ1820+070, consisting of a star and a BH with a mass of 7-8M☉. The data of NuSTAR and NICER space telescopes were used. The radiation component, generated between the last stable orbit and the BH horizon was reliably revealed for the first time. At 6-10 keV such a component is dominant, and the shape of the radiation spectrum cannot be reproduced without taking it into account. The obtained parameter of the angular momentum of BH turned out to be rather small: a*<0.5. This investigation confirms the behavior of matter near a BH, predicted by the General Relativity Theory. [13] Mummery A et al. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 531 366 (2024) |
The Extracts from the Internet is a section of Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk (Physics Uspekhi) — the monthly rewiew journal of the current state of the most topical problems in physics and in associated fields. The presented News is devoted to the fundamental discoveries of physics and astrophysics. Permanent editor is Yu.N. Eroshenko. It is compiled from a multitude of Internet sources. | |
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