Studies of the development of a 'sausage' instability of Z-pinch in the MHD-approximation and the account for the development of two-dimensional turbulence have shown that turbulence development prevents the formation of the neck with an infinitely decreasing radius. Under the neck compression in this approximation there is also no generation of high voltages near the axis that could contribute to the formation of ion beams and neutrons generation due to the beam-target mechanism. Thus, to describe neutron generation in the beam—target mechanism, it is necessary to take into account the kinetic processes of high voltage generation in plasma. 2D MHD-computations with the account for kinetic processes in the phenomenological form of anomalous resistivity make it possible to achieve for a number of plasma focus configurations and gas puff Z-pinch an agreement with experimental data on current, voltage and neutron measurements. 2D kinetic computations of the plasma focus carried out for the final phase of pinch formation agree with experimental data on the neutron yield and distribution of ions in the resulting beams and confirm that the anomalous plasma resistivity may be due to lower hybrid drift instability, which was assumed in phenomenological MHD-computations that describe neutron generation in Z-pinch and plasma focus.

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Keywords: MHD-simulations, plasma dynamics, 'sausage' instability, Z-pinch, plasma focus PACS: 52.30.Cv, 52.35.Py, 52.58.Lq (all) DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2025.08.039998 URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2026/3/a/ Citation: Garanin S F, Dolinskii V Yu "Simulations of Z-pinches" Phys. Usp. 69 (3) (2026) Received: 10th, June 2025, revised: 7th, August 2025, accepted: 8th, August 2025 Оригинал: Гаранин С Ф, Долинский В Ю «Расчетное моделирование Z-пинчей» УФН 196 222–237 (2026); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2025.08.039998