The principles and capabilities of the time-resolved pumping and X-ray probing method are outlined. Pumping methods and probing features involving different pulsed X-ray sources (laboratory, synchrotron, free-electron lasers) are considered. Methods for improving time resolution are discussed. Also given are examples of applying the method to study a wide range of objects using X-ray microscopy, X-ray Laue diffraction, small- and large-angle scattering, absorption, and photoelectron spectroscopy.

Keywords: pulsed X-ray sources, time resolution, synchrotrons, free-electron lasers, diffraction, X-ray scattering, absorption spectroscopy PACS: 06.30.Ft, 07.85.Qe, 42.55.−f, 61.05.C−, 61.05.cj (all) DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2025.06.039943 URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2025/9/c/ 001606315700003 2-s2.0-105021826095 Citation: Lider V V "Pumping and X-ray probing technique" Phys. Usp. 68 905–922 (2025) BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks Received: 4th, April 2024, revised: 5th, June 2025, accepted: 5th, June 2025 Оригинал: Лидер В В «Метод накачки и рентгеновского зондирования» УФН 195 962–981 (2025); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2025.06.039943