A.D. Panov^†, D.M. Podorozhnyi^‡, A.N. Turundaevskii^§
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Leninskie Gory 1 build. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

The state of the art in exploring galactic cosmic rays using spacecraft and high-altitude balloons is reviewed in detail. The most urgent basic problems of high- and ultrahigh-energy astrophysics, solved by direct observations of cosmic rays, are discussed. Prospects for the advancement of research in this field of science in the next decade are outlined.

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Keywords: cosmic rays, direct observations
PACS: 96.50.S−
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2023.11.039589
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2024/7/a/
Citation: Panov A D, Podorozhnyi D M, Turundaevskii A N "Direct observations of cosmic rays: state of the art" Phys. Usp. 67 (7) (2024)

Received: 24th, July 2023, revised: 29th, October 2023, accepted: 8th, November 2023

Оригинал: Панов А Д, Подорожный Д М, Турундаевский А Н «Прямые наблюдения космических лучей: современное состояние проблемы» УФН 194 681–710 (2024); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2023.11.039589