General relativity effects in precision spin experimental tests of fundamental symmetries

S.N. Vergeles^†^a, b, N.N. Nikolaev^‡^a, b, Yu.N. Obukhov^§^c, A.Ya. Silenko^*^d, e, f, O.V. Teryaev^#^{d, g, h, i}
^aMoscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutskii per. 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
^bL.D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
^cNuclear Safety Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Bolshaya Tulskaya 52, Moscow, 113191, Russian Federation
^dJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
^eInstitute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Rd. 509, Lanzhou, 730000, China
^fResearch Institute for Nuclear Problems Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
^gJoint Institute for Nuclear Reserch, Veksler and Baldin Laboratory of High Energy Physics, Joliot-Curie str. 6, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980, Russian Federation
^hNational Research Nuclear University ‘MEPhI’, Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow, 115409, Russian Federation
ⁱUniversity "Dubna", Universitetskaya str. 19, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141982, Russian Federation

A search for the P- and CP(T)-violating electric dipole moments (EDM) of atoms, particles, and nuclei with sensitivity up to 10⁻¹⁵ in units of the magnetic dipole moments, allowed by all discrete symmetries, is one of the topical problems of modern physics. According to Sakharov, CP violation is one of the three key criteria of the baryogenesis in the generally accepted paradigm of the Big Bang cosmology. All three criteria are supported by the Standard Model, but it fails to describe quantitatively the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe. This is regarded as a strong argument in favor of the existence of CP-symmetry breaking mechanisms beyond the minimal Standard Model, which can lead to measurable EDMs of atoms, particles, and nuclei. Searches for the EDM via the spin rotation in electric fields are currently underway in dozens of laboratories worldwide. Direct searches for the EDM of charged particles and nuclei are possible only in storage rings (COSY, NICA). After successful studies by the JEDI collab„oration at the COSY synchrotron, at the forefront in the field is the search for the proton EDM in an electrostatic storage ring with the proton spin frozen at the magic energy with the projected sensitivity d_p ∼ 10⁻²⁹ e cm. A prototype PTR storage ring is proposed as a precursor to such a dedicated storage ring, with the prospect of the frozen proton spin ring becoming a part of the physics at CERN beyond the Large Hadron Collider program. Following a brief introduction to CP-violation physics and baryogenesis, the review presents a detailed discussion of significant contributions to the spin dynamics from terrestrial gravity along with new effects of Earth's rotation in ultrasensitive searches for the EDM of charged particles and neutrons. Quite remarkably, for the projected sensitivity to the proton EDM, these false EDM effects can exceed the signal of the proton EDM by one to two orders of magnitude and become comparable to the EDM contribution in experiments with ultracold neutrons. We also discuss the role of a precessing spin as a detector of axion-like dark matter, and consider applications of quantum gravitational anomalies to dense matter hydrodynamics and spin phenomena in noncentral nuclear collisions.

Keywords: CP violation, spin, electromagnetic fields, gravitational fields, anomalous magnetic moment, electric dipole moment, Dirac fermions, axions, heavy ion collisions, gravitational anomalies
PACS: 03.65.Sq, 04.20.Cv, 04.62.+v, 11.30.Fs, 12.60.−i, 14.80.Va, 29.20.db, 29.27.Hj (all)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2021.09.039074
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2023/2/a/
Web of Science

001097218300001
Scopus

2-s2.0-85135882589
ADS NASA

2023PhyU...66..109V
Citation: Vergeles S N, Nikolaev N N, Obukhov Yu N, Silenko A Ya, Teryaev O V "General relativity effects in precision spin experimental tests of fundamental symmetries" Phys. Usp. 66 109–147 (2023)

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Received: 12th, July 2021, revised: 22nd, September 2021, accepted: 27th, September 2021

Оригинал: Вергелес С Н, Николаев Н Н, Обухов Ю Н, Силенко А Я, Теряев О В «Эффекты общей теории относительности в прецизионных спиновых экспериментах по проверке фундаментальных симметрий» УФН 193 113–154 (2023); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2021.09.039074

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