RSS feeds
РусскийEnglish
Issue 11, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

2011

 / 

April

←  →

Reviews of topical problems


Kinetic methods for measuring the temperature of clusters and nanoparticles in molecular beams


Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Fizicheskaya 5, Troitsk, Moscow, 108840, Russian Federation

The temperature (internal energy) of clusters and nanoparticles is an important physical parameter which affects many of their properties and the character of processes they are involved in. At the same time, determining the temperature of free clusters and nanoparticles in molecular beams is a rather complicated problem because the temperature of small particles depends on their size. In this paper, recently developed kinetic methods for measuring the temperature of clusters and nanoparticles in molecular beams are reviewed. The definition of temperature in the present context is given, and how the temperature affects the properties of and the processes involving the particles is discussed. The temperature behavior of clusters and nanoparticles near a phase transition point is analyzed. Early methods for measuring the temperature of large clusters are briefly described. It is shown that, compared to other methods, new kinetic methods are more universal and applicable for determining the temperature of clusters and nanoparticles of practically any size and composition. The future development and applications of these methods are outlined.

Fulltext pdf (409 KB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.0181.201104b.0365
PACS: 07.77.Gx, 36.40.−c, 36.40.Ei, 42.62.Fi, 81.07.Nb, 82.50.Hp (all)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.0181.201104b.0365
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2011/4/b/
000294814800002
2-s2.0-79960929586
2011PhyU...54..351M
Citation: Makarov G N "Kinetic methods for measuring the temperature of clusters and nanoparticles in molecular beams" Phys. Usp. 54 351–370 (2011)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Received: 21st, April 2010, revised: 17th, June 2010, 7th, July 2010

Оригинал: Макаров Г Н «Кинетические методы определения температуры кластеров и наночастиц в молекулярных пучках» УФН 181 365–387 (2011); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0181.201104b.0365

References (201) ↓ Cited by (16) Similar articles (20)

  1. Pauly H Atom, Molecule, And Cluster Beams Vol. 2 Cluster Beams, Fast And Slow Beams, Accessory Equipment, And Applications (New York: Springer, 2000)
  2. Scoles G (Ed.) Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 1 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988)
  3. Scoles G (Ed.) Atomic And Molecular Beam Methods Vol. 2 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992)
  4. Bernstein E R (Ed.) Atomic And Molecular Clusters (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990)
  5. Jena P, Khanna S N, Rao B K (Eds) Physics And Chemistry Of Finite Systems: From Clusters To Crystals (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1992)
  6. de Heer W A Rev. Mod. Phys. 65 611 (1993)
  7. Haberland H (Ed.) Clusters Of Atoms And Molecules: Theory, Experiment, And Clusters Of Atoms (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1994)
  8. Klabunde K J Free Atoms, Clusters, And Nanoscale Particles (San Diego: Academic Press, 1994)
  9. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 164 1165 (1994); Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 37 1079 (1994)
  10. Martin T P (Ed.) Large Clusters Of Atoms And Molecules (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad., 1996)
  11. Alivisatos A P J. Phys. Chem. 100 13226 (1996)
  12. Castleman A W (Jr), Bowen K H (Jr) J. Phys. Chem. 100 12911 (1996)
  13. Christen W, Even U J. Phys. Chem. A 102 9420 (1998)
  14. Herschbach D Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 S411 (1999)
  15. Smalley R E Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 723 (1997); Smolli R E Usp. Fiz. Nauk 168 323 (1998)
  16. Curl R F Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 691 (1997); Kerl R F Usp. Fiz. Nauk 168 331 (1998)
  17. Kroto H Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 703 (1997); Kroto G Usp. Fiz. Nauk 168 343 (1998)
  18. Perez A et al. J. Phys. D 30 709 (1997)
  19. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 171 1291 (2001); Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 44 1229 (2001)
  20. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 173 609 (2003); Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 46 589 (2003)
  21. Ditmire T et al. Phys. Rev. A 53 3379 (1996)
  22. Zweiback J et al. Phys. Plasmas 9 3108 (2002)
  23. Northby J A J. Chem. Phys. 115 10065 (2001)
  24. Callegari C et al. J. Chem. Phys. 115 10090 (2001)
  25. Stienkemeier F, Vilesov A F J. Chem. Phys. 115 10119 (2001)
  26. Toennis J P, Vilesov A F, Whaley K B Phys. Today 54 (2) 31 (2001)
  27. Toennis J P, Vilesov A F Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 2622 (2004)
  28. Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 174 225 (2004); Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 47 217 (2004)
  29. Yamada I, Toyoda N Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 232 195 (2005)
  30. Berri R S, Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 175 367 (2005); Berry R S, Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 48 345 (2005)
  31. Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 176 121 (2006); Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 49 117 (2006)
  32. Popok V N, Campbell E E B Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 11 19 (2006)
  33. Eletskii A V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 177 233 (2007); Eletskii A V Phys. Usp. 50 225 (2007)
  34. Krainov V P, Smirnov B M, Smirnov M B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 177 953 (2007); Krainov V P, Smirnov B M, Smirnov M B Phys. Usp. 50 907 (2007)
  35. Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 178 337 (2008); Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 51 319 (2008)
  36. Kresin V Z, Ovchinnikov Yu N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 178 449 (2008); Kresin V Z, Ovchinnikov Yu N Phys. Usp. 51 427 (2008)
  37. Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 179 487 (2009); Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 52 461 (2009)
  38. Berri R S, Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 179 147 (2009); Berry R S, Smirnov B M Phys. Usp. 52 137 (2009)
  39. Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 180 185 (2010); Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 53 179 (2010)
  40. Siegel R W, Hu E, Roco M C (Eds) Nanostructure Science And Technology (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1999)
  41. Renn O, Roco M C J. Nanopart. Res. 8 153 (2006)
  42. Rubahn H G Nanophysik Und Nanotechnologie (Stuttgart: Teubner Verlag, 2002)
  43. Edelstein A S, Cammarata R C (Eds) Nanomaterials: Syntesis, Properties, And Applications (Bristol: Institute of Physics Publ., 1996)
  44. Moro R et al. Science 300 1265 (2003)
  45. Moro R et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 086803 (2004)
  46. Andersen K E et al. Phys Rev. B 73 125418 (2006)
  47. Xu X et al. Phys Rev. B 75 085429 (2007)
  48. Berri R S, Smirnov B M Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 117 562 (2000); Berry R S, Smirnov B M JETP 90 491 (2000)
  49. Berri R S, Smirnov B M Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 125 414 (2004); Berry R S, Smirnov B M JETP 98 366 (2004)
  50. Bixon M, Jortner J J. Chem. Phys. 91 1631 (1989)
  51. Labastie P, Whetten R L Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 1567 (1990)
  52. Wales D J Mol. Phys. 78 151 (1993)
  53. Wales D J, Berry R S Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 2875 (1994)
  54. Umirzakov I H Phys. Rev. E 60 7550 (1999)
  55. Mülken O, Stamerjohanns H, Borrmann P Phys. Rev. E 64 047105 (2001)
  56. Schmidt M et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 99 (1997)
  57. Schmidt M et al. Nature 393 238 (1998)
  58. Schmidt M et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 1191 (2001)
  59. Schmidt M et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 203402 (2001)
  60. Gobet F et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 183403 (2002)
  61. Reyes-Nava J A, Garzón I L, Michaelian K Phys. Rev. B 67 165401 (2003)
  62. Jellinek J, Beck T L, Berry R S J. Chem. Phys. 84 2783 (1986)
  63. Beck T L, Jellinek J, Berry R S J. Chem. Phys. 87 545 (1987)
  64. Davis H L, Jellinek J, Berry R S J. Chem. Phys. 86 6456 (1987)
  65. Berry R S, Jellinek J, Natanson G Phys. Rev. A 30 919 (1984)
  66. Beck T L, Berry R S J. Chem. Phys. 88 3910 (1988)
  67. Wales D J, Berry R S J. Chem. Phys. 92 4283 (1990)
  68. Berry R S Chem. Rev. 93 2379 (1993)
  69. Berry R S Nature 393 212 (1998)
  70. Berry R S Theory Of Atomic And Molecular Clusters (Ed. J Jellinek) (Berlin: Springer, 1999) p. 1
  71. Cheng H-P, Berry R S Phys. Rev. A 45 7969 (1992)
  72. Kunz R E, Berry R S Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 3987 (1993)
  73. Kunz R E, Berry R S Phys. Rev. E 49 1895 (1994)
  74. Wales D J Chem. Phys. Lett. 166 419 (1990)
  75. Berry R S, Smirnov B M Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 127 1282 (2005); Berry R S, Smirnov B M JETP 100 1129 (2005)
  76. Berry R S et al. Adv. Chem. Phys. 90 75 (1988)
  77. Briant C L, Burton J J J. Chem. Phys. 63 2045 (1975)
  78. Damgaard Kristensen W, Jensen E J, Cotterill M R J J. Chem. Phys. 60 4161 (1974)
  79. Etters R D, Kaelberrer J B Phys. Rev. A 11 1068 (1975)
  80. Kaelberrer J B, Etters R D J. Chem. Phys. 66 3233 (1977)
  81. Etters R D, Kaelberrer J B J. Chem. Phys. 66 5112 (1977)
  82. Berry R S, Smirnov B M Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 122 298 (2002); Berry R S, Smirnov B M JETP 95 255 (2002)
  83. Berry R S, Smirnov B M J. Chem. Phys. 114 6816 (2001)
  84. Vekhter B et al. J. Chem. Phys. 106 4644 (1997)
  85. Wales D J, Ohmine I J. Chem. Phys. 98 7245 (1993)
  86. Wales D J Adv. Chem. Phys. 115 1 (2000)
  87. Wales D J Energy Landscapes (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003)
  88. Harms J et al. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 185 204 (1996)
  89. Brink D M, Stringari S Z. Phys. D 15 257 (1990)
  90. Bulgac A Czech. J. Phys. 48 697 (1998)
  91. Li Y B, Blaisten-Barojas E, Papaconstantopoulos D A Phys. Rev. B 57 15519 (1998)
  92. Bréchignac C et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 183402 (2002)
  93. Bréchignac C et al. Phys. Rev. A 68 063202 (2003)
  94. Wan Z et al. J. Chem. Phys. 99 5858 (1993)
  95. Wurz P, Lykke K R J. Phys. Chem. 96 10129 (1992)
  96. Ho J et al. J. Chem. Phys. 99 140 (1993)
  97. Boyukata M et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. 16 295 (2005)
  98. Geé C et al. J. Phys. Chem. 100 13421 (1996)
  99. Geé C et al. J. Chem. Phys. 107 4194 (1997)
  100. Lugovoj E, Toennies J P, Vilesov A J. Chem. Phys. 112 8217 (2000)
  101. Lallement A et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 189 182 (1992)
  102. Chaparro S A et al. J. Appl. Phys. 87 2245 (2000)
  103. Yamaguchi N et al. Thin Solid Films 345 34 (1999)
  104. Yamaguchi N, Terashima K, Yoshida T J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 17 2067 (1998)
  105. Farges J et al. Surf. Sci. 106 95 (1981)
  106. Torchet G Docteur es-Sciences Thesis (Paris: Paris Univ., 1978)
  107. Torchet G et al. J. Chem. Phys. 105 3671 (1996)
  108. Kovalenko S I et al. J. Cryst. Growth 191 553 (1998)
  109. Calvo F, Torchet G, de Feraudy M-F J. Chem. Phys. 111 4650 (1999)
  110. Rohlfing E A J. Chem. Phys. 89 6103 (1988)
  111. Mitzner R, Campbell E E B J. Chem. Phys. 103 2445 (1995)
  112. Frenzel U et al. Z. Phys. D 40 108 (1997)
  113. Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu, Agarkov A A Pis’ma ZhETF 63 915 (1996); Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu, Agarkov A A JETP Lett. 63 963 (1996)
  114. Makarov G N, Petin A N Chem. Phys. Lett. 426 464 (2006)
  115. Makarov G N, Petin A N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 130 804 (2006); Makarov G N, Petin A N JETP 103 697 (2006)
  116. Gspann J Z. Phys D 3 143 (1986)
  117. Gspann J Physics Of Electronic And Atomic Collisions (Ed. S Datz) (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1982) p. 79
  118. Klots C E J. Chem. Phys. 83 5854 (1985)
  119. Klots C E Z. Phys. D 5 83 (1987)
  120. Klots C E J. Chem. Phys. 90 4470 (1989)
  121. Klots C E Z. Phys. D 21 335 (1991)
  122. Klots C E Nature 327 222 (1987)
  123. Klots C E J. Phys. Chem. 92 5864 (1988)
  124. Brockhaus P et al. Phys. Rev. A 59 495 (1999)
  125. Jundt G et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 370 504 (2003)
  126. Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 176 1155 (2006); Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 49 1131 (2006)
  127. Heszler P, Carlsson J O, Demirev P J. Chem. Phys. 107 10440 (1997)
  128. Frenzel U et al. Surf. Rev. Lett. 3 505 (1996)
  129. Heszler P, Carlsson J O, Demirev P Phys. Rev. B 53 12541 (1996)
  130. Mitzner R, Campbell E E B Surf. Rev. Lett. 3 759 (1996)
  131. Agarkov A A et al. Eur. Phys. J. D 9 331 (1999)
  132. Vostrikov A A, Agarkov A A, Dubov D Yu Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 70 (7) 102 (2000); Vostrikov A A, Agarkov A A, Dubov D Yu Tech. Phys. 45 915 (2000)
  133. Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu, Agarkov A A Teplof. Vys. Temp. 39 26 (2001); Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu, Agarkov A A High Temp. 39 22 (2001)
  134. Foltin M et al. J. Chem. Phys. 98 9624 (1993)
  135. Christian J F, Wan Z, Anderson S L J. Phys. Chem. 96 10597 (1992)
  136. Wan Z, Christian J F, Anderson S L J. Chem. Phys. 96 3344 (1992)
  137. Frenzel U, Roggenkamp A, Kreisle D Chem. Phys. Lett. 240 109 (1995)
  138. Gafner Yu Ya i dr. Fiz. Tverd. Tela 47 1304 (2005); Gafner Yu Ya et al. Phys. Solid State 47 1353 (2005)
  139. Ascencio J A et al. Surf. Sci. 396 349 (1998)
  140. Borman V D i dr. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 130 984 (2006); Borman V D et al. JETP 103 850 (2006)
  141. Dolbec R et al. Phys. Rev. B 70 201406(R) (2004)
  142. Sibener S J, Hislop P LBL Report, Part VII, Advanced Isotope Separation Technology (1978) p. 470
  143. Klekamp A, Umbach E Surf. Sci. 249 75 (1991)
  144. Makarov G N, Petin A N Pis’ma ZhETF 83 115 (2006); Makarov G N, Petin A N JETP Lett. 83 87 (2006)
  145. Makarov G N, Petin A N Kvantovaya Elektron. 36 889 (2006); Makarov G N, Petin A N Quantum. Electron. 36 889 (2006)
  146. Makarov G N, Petin A N Optika Spektrosk. 102 434 (2007); Makarov G N, Petin A N Opt. Spectrosc. 102 388 (2007)
  147. Haberland H et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 035701 (2005)
  148. Schmidt M et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 103401 (2003)
  149. Robinson P J, Holbrook K A Unimolecular Reactions (London: Wiley, 1972); Robinson P, Kholbruk K Monomolekulyarnye Reaktsii (M.: Mir, 1975)
  150. Eyring H, Lin S H, Lin S M Basic Chemical Kinetics (New York: Willey, 1980)
  151. Näher U, Hansen K J. Chem. Phys. 101 5367 (1994)
  152. Hansen K, Campbell E E B Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 233 215 (2004)
  153. Hansen K Chem. Phys. Lett. 383 270 (2004)
  154. Andersen J U, Bonderup E, Hansen K J. Chem. Phys. 114 6518 (2001)
  155. Stenfalk J, Hansen K Eur. Phys. J. D 43 101 (2007)
  156. Borggreen J et al. Phys. Rev. A 62 013202 (2000)
  157. Chandezon F et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 277 450 (1997)
  158. Martin T P et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 183 119 (1991)
  159. Martin T P et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 186 53 (1991)
  160. Pedersen J et al. Nature 353 733 (1991)
  161. Bréchignac C et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 3916 (1992)
  162. Farges J J. Cryst. Growth 31 79 (1975)
  163. Kresin V V et al. Phys. Rev. A 57 383 (1998)
  164. Blatt J M, Weisskopf V F Theoretical Nuclear Physics (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1979)
  165. Ericson T Adv. Phys. 9 425 (1960)
  166. Bréchignac C et al. J. Chem. Phys. 90 1492 (1989)
  167. Lokhman V N, Ogurok D D, Ryabov E A Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 135 835 (2009); Lokhman V N, Ogurok D D, Ryabov E A JETP 108 727 (2009)
  168. Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 173 913 (2003); Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 46 889 (2003)
  169. Makarov G N Usp. Fiz. Nauk 175 41 (2005); Makarov G N Phys. Usp. 48 37 (2005)
  170. Fuss W Spectrochim. Acta A 38 829 (1982)
  171. Bagratashvili V N i dr. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 77 2238 (1979); Bagratashvili V N et al. Sov. Phys. JETP 50 1075 (1979)
  172. Apatin V M, Makarov G N Kvantovaya Elektron. 10 1435 (1983); Apatin V M, Makarov G N Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 13 932 (1983)
  173. Makarov G N i dr. Kvantovaya Elektron. 25 545 (1998); Makarov G N et al. Quantum Electron. 28 530 (1998)
  174. Makarov G N Pis’ma ZhTF 24 (23) 35 (1998); Makarov G N Tech. Phys. Lett. 24 921 (1998)
  175. Makarov G N, Malinovsky D E, Ogurok D D Laser Chem. 17 205 (1998)
  176. Makarov G N, Malinovskii D E, Ogurok D D Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69 (1) 35 (1999); Makarov G N, Malinovskii D E, Ogurok D D Tech. Phys. 44 31 (1999)
  177. Lokhman V N, Ogurok D D, Ryabov E A Chem. Phys. 333 85 (2007)
  178. Lokhman V N, Ogurok D D, Ryabov E A Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 130 5 (2006); Lokhman V N, Ogurok D D, Ryabov E A JETP 103 1 (2006)
  179. Downie P, Powis I Faraday Discuss. 115 103 (2000)
  180. Lokhman V N, Ogurok D D, Ryabov E A Eur. Phys. J. D 46 59 (2008)
  181. Buck U J. Phys. Chem. 98 5190 (1994)
  182. Lokhman V N, Ogurok D D, Ryabov E A Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 75 (7) 29 (2005); Lokhman V N, Ogurok D D, Ryabov E A Tech. Phys. 50 846 (2005)
  183. Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 125 222 (2004); Vostrikov A A, Dubov D Yu JETP 98 197 (2004)
  184. Makarov G N, Petin A N Pis’ma ZhETF 90 712 (2009); Makarov G N, Petin A N JETP Lett. 90 642 (2010)
  185. Makarov G N, Petin A N Chem. Phys. Lett. 484 14 (2009)
  186. Nikol’skii B P (Gl. red.) Spravochnik Khimika Vol. 1 2-e izd. (L.-M.:: Goskhimizdat, 1962)
  187. Lewerenz M, Schilling B, Toennies J P Chem. Phys. Lett. 206 381 (1993)
  188. Lewerenz M, Schilling B, Toennies J P J. Chem. Phys. 102 8191 (1995)
  189. Apatin V M, Makarov G N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 84 15 (1983); Apatin V M, Makarov G N Sov. Phys. JETP 57 8 (1983)
  190. Apatin V M, Makarov G N Kvantovaya Elektron. 9 1668 (1982); Apatin V M, Makarov G N Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 12 1067 (1982)
  191. Apatin V M et al. Appl. Phys. B 29 273 (1982)
  192. Gentry W R, Giese C F Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49 595 (1978)
  193. Makarov G N, Petin A N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 134 851 (2008); Makarov G N, Petin A N JETP 107 725 (2008)
  194. McDowell R S et al. Spectrochim. Acta A 42 351 (1986)
  195. Makarov G N, Petin A N Pis’ma ZhETF 89 468 (2009); Makarov G N, Petin A N JETP Lett. 89 404 (2009)
  196. Frenkel’ Ya I Kineticheskaya Teoriya Zhidkostei (M.-L.: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1945); Frenkel J Kinetic Theory Of Liquids (Oxford: The Univ. Press, 1946)
  197. Makarov G N, Petin A N Kvantovaya Elektron. 39 1054 (2009); Makarov G N, Petin A N Quantum Electron. 39 1054 (2009)
  198. Makarov G N, Petin A N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 137 646 (2010); Makarov G N, Petin A N JETP 110 568 (2010)
  199. Eldridge B N, Yu M L Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58 1014 (1987)
  200. Makarov G N Chem. Phys. 290 137 (2003)
  201. Makarov G N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 123 276 (2003); Makarov G N JETP 96 241 (2003)
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions