RSS feeds
РусскийEnglish
Issue 9, 2026
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

2011

 / 

April

←  →

Reviews of topical problems


Kinetic methods for measuring the temperature of clusters and nanoparticles in molecular beams


Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Fizicheskaya 5, Troitsk, Moscow, 108840, Russian Federation

The temperature (internal energy) of clusters and nanoparticles is an important physical parameter which affects many of their properties and the character of processes they are involved in. At the same time, determining the temperature of free clusters and nanoparticles in molecular beams is a rather complicated problem because the temperature of small particles depends on their size. In this paper, recently developed kinetic methods for measuring the temperature of clusters and nanoparticles in molecular beams are reviewed. The definition of temperature in the present context is given, and how the temperature affects the properties of and the processes involving the particles is discussed. The temperature behavior of clusters and nanoparticles near a phase transition point is analyzed. Early methods for measuring the temperature of large clusters are briefly described. It is shown that, compared to other methods, new kinetic methods are more universal and applicable for determining the temperature of clusters and nanoparticles of practically any size and composition. The future development and applications of these methods are outlined.

Fulltext pdf (409 KB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.0181.201104b.0365
PACS: 07.77.Gx, 36.40.−c, 36.40.Ei, 42.62.Fi, 81.07.Nb, 82.50.Hp (all)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.0181.201104b.0365
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2011/4/b/
000294814800002
2-s2.0-79960929586
2011PhyU...54..351M
Citation: Makarov G N "Kinetic methods for measuring the temperature of clusters and nanoparticles in molecular beams" Phys. Usp. 54 351–370 (2011)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Received: 21st, April 2010, revised: 17th, June 2010, 7th, July 2010

Оригинал: Макаров Г Н «Кинетические методы определения температуры кластеров и наночастиц в молекулярных пучках» УФН 181 365–387 (2011); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0181.201104b.0365

References (201) Cited by (16) Similar articles (20) ↓

  1. G.N. Makarov “Experimental methods for determining the melting temperature and the heat of melting of clusters and nanoparticles” Phys. Usp. 53 179–198 (2010)
  2. G.N. Makarov “Cluster temperature. Methods for its measurement and stabilization” Phys. Usp. 51 319–353 (2008)
  3. G.N. Makarov “Laser IR fragmentation of molecular clusters: the role of channels for energy input and relaxation, influence of surroundings, dynamics of fragmentation” Phys. Usp. 60 227–258 (2017)
  4. G.N. Makarov “Control of the parameters and composition of molecular and cluster beams by means of IR lasers” Phys. Usp. 61 617–644 (2018)
  5. G.N. Makarov “Low energy methods of molecular laser isotope separation” Phys. Usp. 58 670–700 (2015)
  6. R.S. Berry, B.M. Smirnov “Phase transitions in various kinds of clusters” Phys. Usp. 52 137–164 (2009)
  7. R.S. Berry, B.M. Smirnov “Phase transitions and adjacent phenomena in simple atomic systems” Phys. Usp. 48 345–388 (2005)
  8. R.S. Berry, B.M. Smirnov “Modeling of configurational transitions in atomic systems” Phys. Usp. 56 973–998 (2013)
  9. G.N. Makarov “Spectroscopy of single molecules and clusters inside helium nanodroplets. Microscopic manifestation of 4He superfluidity” Phys. Usp. 47 217–247 (2004)
  10. B.M. Smirnov “Scaling method in atomic and molecular physics” Phys. Usp. 44 1229–1253 (2001)
  11. G.N. Makarov “Selective processes of IR excitation and dissociation of molecules in gasdynamically cooled jets and flows” Phys. Usp. 48 37–76 (2005)
  12. G.N. Makarov “Laser applications in nanotechnology: nanofabrication using laser ablation and laser nanolithography” Phys. Usp. 56 643–682 (2013)
  13. G.N. Makarov “The spectroscopy of clusters by intense pulses of VUV radiation from free electron lasers” Phys. Usp. 52 461–486 (2009)
  14. B.M. Smirnov “Melting of clusters with pair interaction of atoms” Phys. Usp. 37 1079–1096 (1994)
  15. B.M. Smirnov “Processes involving clusters and small particles in a buffer gas” Phys. Usp. 54 691–721 (2011)
  16. G.N. Makarov “New results for laser isotope separation using low-energy methods” Phys. Usp. 63 245–268 (2020)
  17. G.N. Makarov “Towards molecular laser separation of uranium isotopes” Phys. Usp. 65 531–566 (2022)
  18. G.N. Makarov “Laser separation of boron isotopes: research results and options for technological implementation” Phys. Usp. 68 452–489 (2025)
  19. B.M. Smirnov “Processes in expanding and condensing gases” Phys. Usp. 37 621–657 (1994)
  20. G.N. Makarov “Studies on high-intensity pulsed molecular beams and flows interacting with a solid surface” Phys. Usp. 46 889–914 (2003)

The list is formed automatically.
© 1918–2026 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions