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From the history of physics


Employees of the Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the development of the Soviet Atomic Project

† 
Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S Kovalevskoi str. 18, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russian Federation

The paper highlights the contribution of the employees of the Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the first stage of the USSR Atomic Project. The main challenge of the project was the need to solve one of the most difficult problems that the developers of the USSR atomic shield faced — industrial separation of uranium isotopes. Thus, in 1943, I K Kikoin directed the first work on isotope separation using diffusion and centrifuge methods at the institute. I K Kikoin was appointed I V Kurchatov's deputy and was the main person responsible for the development of an industrial method for producing uranium-235 isotopes.

Fulltext pdf (56 MB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2024.02.039648
Keywords: USSR Atomic Project, industrial separation of uranium isotopes, isotope separation by gaseous diffusion, isotope separation by centrifuge methods, uranium-235, Ural Physico-Technical Institute (UralFTI), counterflow centrifuges
PACS: 01.65.+g
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2024.02.039648
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2024/7/e/
001328253200007
2-s2.0-85202354340
2024PhyU...67..717G
Citation: Gudin S A "Employees of the Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the development of the Soviet Atomic Project" Phys. Usp. 67 717–744 (2024)
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Received: 16th, September 2023, revised: 14th, February 2024, 16th, February 2024

Оригинал: Гудин С А «Сотрудники Института физики металлов Уральского отделения Российской академии наук и становление Атомного проекта СССР» УФН 194 765–789 (2024); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2024.02.039648

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  47. "No. 193. Spravka I.V. Kurchatova ’O sostoyanii rabot po probleme na 27 noyabrya s.g.’, predstavlennaya M.G. Pervukhinu. 28 noyabrya 1943 g. (No. 193. Report by I V Kurchatov to M G Pervukhin ’On the state of work on the problem as of November 27 of this year’ as of November 28, 1943)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 1 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 403; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn1_1998/p403/
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  54. "No. 135. Doklad L.P. Beriya, B.L. Vannikova, A.P. Zavenyagina, I.V. Kurchatova, Yu.B. Kharitona i K.I. Shchelkina I.V. Stalinu o khode vypolneniya zadanii na 1951 god i o programme rabot po razvitiyu atomnoi promyshlennosti v 1951-1955 gg. 16 noyabrya 1951 g. (No. 135. Report by L P Beria, B L Vannikov, A P Zavenyag I V Kurchatov, Yu B Khariton, and K I Shchelkin to I V Stalin on the progress of fulfilling the tasks for 1951 and on the work program for the development of the nuclear industry in 1951-1955 as of November 16, 1951)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 2 Atomnaya Bomba. 1945-1954 (Atomic Bomb. 1945-1954) Book 7 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. G A Goncharov) (Sarov: RFYaTs-VNIIEF, Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2007) p. 342; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t2_kn7_2007/p342/
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  56. "No. 266. Iz postanovleniya SM SSSR No. 1679-658ss/op ’O merakh po podgotovke k pusku i ekspluatatsii Gosudarstvennogo mashinostroitel’nogo zavoda Pervogo glavnogo upravleniya pri Sovete Ministrov SSSR’. 22 maya 1948 g. (No. 266. From the resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers No. 1679-658ss/op ’On measures to prepare for the launch and operation of the State Machine-Building Plant of the First Main Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR’ as of May 22, 1948)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 2 Atomnaya Bomba. 1945-1954 (Atomic Bomb. 1945-1954) Book 3 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. G A Goncharov) (Sarov: RFYaTs-VNIIEF, 2002) p. 472; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t2_kn3_2002/p472/
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