RSS feeds
РусскийEnglish
Issue 11, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

2024

 / 

July

←  →

From the history of physics


Employees of the Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the development of the Soviet Atomic Project

† 
Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S Kovalevskoi str. 18, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russian Federation

The paper highlights the contribution of the employees of the Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the first stage of the USSR Atomic Project. The main challenge of the project was the need to solve one of the most difficult problems that the developers of the USSR atomic shield faced — industrial separation of uranium isotopes. Thus, in 1943, I K Kikoin directed the first work on isotope separation using diffusion and centrifuge methods at the institute. I K Kikoin was appointed I V Kurchatov's deputy and was the main person responsible for the development of an industrial method for producing uranium-235 isotopes.

Fulltext pdf (56 MB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2024.02.039648
Keywords: USSR Atomic Project, industrial separation of uranium isotopes, isotope separation by gaseous diffusion, isotope separation by centrifuge methods, uranium-235, Ural Physico-Technical Institute (UralFTI), counterflow centrifuges
PACS: 01.65.+g
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2024.02.039648
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2024/7/e/
001328253200007
2-s2.0-85202354340
2024PhyU...67..717G
Citation: Gudin S A "Employees of the Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the development of the Soviet Atomic Project" Phys. Usp. 67 717–744 (2024)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Received: 16th, September 2023, revised: 14th, February 2024, 16th, February 2024

Оригинал: Гудин С А «Сотрудники Института физики металлов Уральского отделения Российской академии наук и становление Атомного проекта СССР» УФН 194 765–789 (2024); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2024.02.039648

References (87) ↓ Similar articles (20)

  1. Tyushevskaya V N Isaak Konstantinovich Kikoin: Stranitsy Zhizni (Isaak Konstantinovich Kikoin: Pages Of Life, Ser. Creators of the Nuclear Age) (Moscow: IzdAT, 1995); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/tyushevskaya_kikoin_1995/p0_o/
  2. "No. 128. Rasporyazhenie GKO No. 2352ss. ’Ob organizatsii rabot po uranu.’ 28 sentyabrya 1942 g. (No. 128. USSR State Defense Committee order No. GKO-2352ss ’On the organization of works on uranium.’ September 28, 1942)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR. Dokumenty I Materialy (The USSR Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1, Pt. 1 (Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 269; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn1_1998/p269/
  3. Khalileev P "Moi vospominaniya (My memoirs)" Ural (3) (2001); electronic version on the website "Journal Hall", https://magazines.gorky.media/ural/2001/3/moi-vospominaniya.html
  4. Voinov E M, Plotkina A G "Razrabotka diffuznogo metoda razdeleniya izotopov urana (Development of the diffusion method for separating uranium isotopes)" Kurchatovskii Institut. Istoriya Atomnogo Proekta (Kurchatov Institute. History Of The Atomic Project) Issue 3 (Moscow: Rossiiskii Nauchnyi Tsentr "Kurchatovskii Institut" (1995) p. 5; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/kiae-istoriya-atomnogo-proekta_v3_1995/p5/
  5. Kiselev G V "L D Landau in the Soviet Atomic Project: a documentary study" Phys. Usp. 51 911 (2008); Kiselev G V "Uchastie L.D. Landau v sovetskom Atomnom proekte (v dokumentakh)" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 178 947 (2008)
  6. Goncharov G A, Ryabev L D "The development of the first Soviet atomic bomb" Phys. Usp. 44 71 (2001); Goncharov G A, Ryabev L D "O sozdanii pervoi otechestvennoi atomnoi bomby" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 171 79 (2001)
  7. Goncharov G A "The extraordinarily beautiful physical principle of thermonuclear charge design (on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the test of RDS-37 — the first Soviet two-stage thermonuclear charge)" Phys. Usp. 48 1187 (2005); Goncharov G A "Neobychainyi po krasote fizicheskii printsip konstruirovaniya termoyadernykh zaryadov (k 50-letiyu so dnya ispytaniya pervogo otechestvennogo dvukhstupenchatogo termoyadernogo zaryada RDS-37)" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 175 1243 (2005)
  8. Kiselev G V "Moscow State University physics alumni and the Soviet Atomic Project" Phys. Usp. 48 1251 (2005); Kiselev G V "Fiziki — vypuskniki Moskovskogo universiteta i sovetskii Atomnyi proekt" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 175 1343 (2005)
  9. Kiselev G V, Konev V N "History of the realization of the thorium regime in the Soviet Atomic Project" Phys. Usp. 50 1259 (2007); Kiselev G V, Konev V N "Istoriya realizatsii torievogo rezhima v sovetskom Atomnom proekte" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 177 1361 (2007)
  10. Romanov Yu A "Memoir of the Teacher" Phys. Usp. 39 179 (1996); Romanov Yu A "Vospominanie ob uchitele" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 166 195 (1996)
  11. Shpinel’ V S "Remarks on the paper G A Goncharov and L D Ryabev ’The development of the first Soviet atomic bomb’" Phys. Usp. 45 227 (2002); Shpinel’ V S "K stat’e G A Goncharova, L D Ryabeva ’O sozdanii pervoi otechestvennoi atomnoi bomby’" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 172 235 (2002)
  12. Goncharov G A, Ryabev L D "About V S Spinel’s remarks on the review ’The development of the first Soviet atomic bomb’" Phys. Usp. 45 228 (2002); Goncharov G A, Ryabev L D "O zamechaniyakh V.S. Shpinelya k stat’e ’O sozdanii pervoi otechestvennoi atomnoi bomby’" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 172 236 (2002)
  13. Khariton Yu B, Adamskii V B, Smirnov Yu N "On the making of the Soviet hydrogen (thermonuclear) bomb" Phys. Usp. 39 185 (1996); Khariton Yu B, Adamskii V B, Smirnov Yu N "O sozdanii sovetskoi vodorodnoi (termoyadernoi) bomby" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 166 201 (1996)
  14. Gurevich I I, Zel’dovich Ya B, Pomeranchuk I Ya, Khariton Yu B "Utilization of the nuclear energy of the light elements" Sov. Phys. Usp. 34 445 (1991); Gurevich I I, Zel’dovich Ya B, Pomeranchuk I Ya, Khariton Yu B "Ispol’zovanie yadernoi energii legkikh elementov" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 161 (5) 171 (1991)
  15. Goncharov G A "American and Soviet H-bomb development programmes: historical background" Phys. Usp. 39 1033 (1996); Goncharov G A "Osnovnye sobytiya istorii sozdaniya vodorodnoi bomby v SSSR i SShA" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 166 1095 (1996)
  16. Goncharov G A "On the history of creation of the Soviet hydrogen bomb" Phys. Usp. 40 859 (1997); Goncharov G A "K istorii sozdaniya sovetskoi vodorodnoi bomby" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 167 903 (1997)
  17. Adamskii V B, Smirnov Yu N "Once again on the creation of the Soviet hydrogen bomb" Phys. Usp. 40 855 (1997); Adamskii V B, Smirnov Yu N "Eshche raz o sozdanii sovetskoi vodorodnoi bomby" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 167 899 (1997)
  18. Kikoin I K, Gubar’ S V, Obukhov V S "Novaya sistema elektroizmeritel’noi apparatury dlya izmereniya postoyannykh tokov bol’shoi sily (New system of electrical measuring equipment for measuring high-power direct currents)" Vestn. Elektricheskoi Promyshlennosti (7-8) 5 (1942); Kikoin I K, Gubar’ S V, Obukhov V S I K Kikoin — Fizika I Sud’ba (I K Kikoin — Physics And Destiny, Ser. Monuments of Russian Science. XX Century, Exec. Ed. S S Yakimov) (Moscow: Nauka, 2008) p. 133; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/kikoin-fizika-i-sudba_2008/p133/
  19. Tyushevskaya V N I K Kikoin: Stranitsy Zhizni (I K Kikoin: Pages Of Life) (Moscow: IzdAT, 1995) p. 8; Tyushevskaya V N "I.K. Kikoin" I K Kikoin — Fizika I Sud’ba (I K Kikoin — Physics And Destiny, Ser. Monuments of Russian Science. XX Century, Exec. Ed. S S Yakimov) (Moscow: Nauka, 2008) p. 562; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/kikoin-fizika-i-sudba_2008/p562/
  20. "Kharakteristika ot 15 noyabrya 1942 g. Podpis’ Kikoina (Personal file as of November 15, 1942. Signature of Kikoin)" Central Scientific Library of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Department of Collections and Information Services. F. 1. Op. 4. D. 1479. Personal file of Obukhov V.S. L. 83
  21. "Rasporyazheniya zasedaniya Prezidiuma AN SSSR ot 2 sentyabrya 1943 g., punkt 26. (Zaverennaya kopiya, Orders of the meeting of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences as of September 2, 1943, item 26. (Certified copy))" Central Scientific Library of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Department of Collections and Information Services. F. 1. Op. 4. D. 1479. Personal file of Obukhov V.S. L. 90
  22. "Pis’mo (khodataistvo) ot 16 sentyabrya 1943 g. v komitet po delam Vysshei shkoly SNK SSSR ot direktora Instituta metallofiziki i metallurgii N.V. Demeneva o razreshenii dopustit’ Obukhova ’...do zashchity kandidatskoi dissertatsii bez kandidatskikh ekzamenov’ (Letter (petition) as of September 16, 1943 to the Higher Attestation Commission of the Committee for Higher School Affairs under the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR from director of the Institute of Metallophysics, Metallography and Metallurgy N V Demenev on permission to admit Obukhov ’...to the defense of his candidate’s dissertation without candidate examinations’)" Central Scientific Library of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Department of Collections and Information Services. F. 1. Op. 4. D. 1479. Personal file of Obukhov V.S. L. 88 (Institute of Metallophysics, Metallography and Metallurgy is another former name of IMP Ural Branch RAS)
  23. Ustinov V V (Ed.-in-Chief), Schastlivtsev V M et al (Comp.) Fizika Metallov Na Urale. Institut Fiziki Metallov V Gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny (Physics Of Metals In The Urals. Institute Of Metal Physics During The Great Patriotic War) (Ekaterinburg: IFM UrO RAN, 2020)
  24. Dorfman Ya G, Kikoin I K Fizika Metallov (Physics Of Metals) (Leningrad-Moscow: Gos. Tekhn.-Teoretich. Izd., 1933)
  25. Kikoin A K "Brat, uchitel’, drug (Brother, teacher, friend)" Isaak Konstantinovich Kikoin: Vospominaniya Sovremennikov (Isaak Konstantinovich Kikoin. Memoirs Of Contemporaries, Exec. Ed. N N Ponomarev-Stepnoi, Comp. E M Voinov, A G Plotkina) 2nd ed., rev. and enlarg. (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 10; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/kikoin-vospominaniya-sovremennikov_1998/p10/
  26. Simonenko D L "Kratkoe opisanie pervykh eksperimental’nykh rabot po razdeleniyu izotopov urana v SSSR (1942-1948 gg., Brief description of the first experimental work on the separation of uranium isotopes in the USSR (1942-1948))" Istoriya Sovetskogo Atomnogo Proekta: Dokumenty, Vospominaniya, Issledovaniya (History Of The Soviet Atomic Project: Documents, Recollections, Investigations) Issue 1 (Moscow: Yanus-K, 1998) p. 135, III. Iz istorii razdeleniya izotopov urana (From history of separation of uranium isotopes); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/istoriya-sovetskogo-atomnogo-proekta_v1_1998/p135/
  27. Sulaberidze G A, Palkin V A, Borisevich V D, Borman V D, Tikhomirov A V Teoriya Razdeleniya Izotopov V Kaskadakh (Theory Of Isotope Separation In Cascades, Ed. V D Borman) (Moscow: MIFI, 2007), Manual; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/teoriya-razdeleniya-izotopov-v-kaskadah_2007/p1/
  28. Babaev N S 50 Let Pod Grifom "Sovershenno Sekretno" (Fifty Years Under The Heading "Strictly Classified") (Moscow: OOO "Inform-Znanie", 2008); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/babaev_50-let-sovershenno-sekretno_2008/p0/
  29. Smyth H D W Atomic Energy For Military Purposes: The Official Report On The Development Of The Atomic Bomb Under The Auspices Of The United States Government, 1940-1945 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1945); Translated into Russian, Smyth H D W Atomnaya Energiya Dlya Voennykh Tselei. Ofitsial’nyi Otchet O Razrabotke Atomnoi Bomby Pod Nablyudeniem Pravitel’stva SShA (Moscow: IzdAT, 2009) p. 209, Ch. XI Electromagnitnoe razdelenie izotopov urana (Electromagnetic separation of uranium isotopes); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/smit_atomnaya-energiya_2007/p209/
  30. Avrorin E N, Litvinov B V, Il’kaev R I, Mikhailov V N "History of the nuclear weapons industry" Atom. Energy 86 402 (1999); Avrorin E N, Litvinov B V, Il’kaev R I, Mikhailov V N "Sozdanie i razvitie yaderno-oruzheinogo kompleksa" Atom. Energ. 86 (6) 431 (1999); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomnaya-energiya_t86-6_1999/p431/
  31. "No. 75. Zayavka na izobretenie V.A. Maslova i V.S. Shpinelya ’Ob ispol’zovanii urana v kachestve vzryvchatogo i otravlyayushchego veshchestva’ 17 oktyabrya 1940 g. (No. 75. Claim for an invention from V A Maslov, V S Shpinel, ’About using uranium as an explosive and toxic agent’ as of October 17, 1940)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 1 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 193; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn1_1998/p193/
  32. "No. 76. Zayavka na izobretenie F. Lange, V.A. Maslova, V.S. Shpinelya ’Sposob prigotovleniya uranovoi smesi, obogashchennoi uranom s massovym chislom 235. Mnogokamernaya tsenrifuga’. Ne ranee 17 oktyabrya - ne pozdnee 31 dekabrya 1940 g. (No. 76. Claim for an invention from F Lange, V A Maslov, V S Shpinel, ’Method of preparing a uranium mixture enriched in uranium with a mass number of 235. Multi-chamber centrifuge’ as of not earlier than October 17 - not later than December 31, 1940)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 1 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 196; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn1_1998/p196/
  33. "No. 85. Zayavka na izobretenie F. Lange i V.A. Maslova ’Termotsirkulyatsionnaya tsentrifuga’. Ne ranee 1 yanvarya - ne pozdnee 3 fevralya 1941 g. (No. 85. Claim for an invention from F Lange, V A Maslov ’Thermocirculation centrifuge’ as of not earlier than January 17 - not later than February 3, 1941)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 1 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 213; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn1_1998/p213/
  34. "No. 164. Zapiska I.V. Kurchatova M.G. Pervukhinu ob ispytaniyakh tsentrifugi. 29 aprelya 1943 g. (No. 164. Memorandum from I V Kurchatov to M G Pervukhin on the centrifuge testing as of April 29, 1943)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 1 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 340; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn1_1998/p340/
  35. "No. 158. Zapiska I.V. Kurchatova M.G. Pervukhinu o neobkhodimosti demobilizatsii V.M. Kel’mana. 1 aprelya 1943 g. (No. 158. Memorandum from I V Kurchatov to M G Pervukhin on the need to demobilize V M Kel’man as of April 1, 1943)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 1 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 328; electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn1_1998/p340/
  36. ``No. 186a. Otchet I.K. Kikoina I.V. Kurchatovu o rezul’tatakh komandirovki v Sverdlovsk i sostoyanii rabot po tsentrifuge i diffuzionnoi ustanovke. 21 sentyabrya 1943 g.’’ (``No. 186a. Report of I K Kikoin<?twb> to I V Kurchatov on the results of the trip to Sverdlovsk and the state of work on the centrifuge and diffusion plant as of September 21, 1943’’), in<?twb> Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 1 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 391; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn1_1998/p391/
  37. Chikov V Russkie Nelegaly V SShA (Russian Illegals In The USA) (Moscow: Eksmo, 2003); Information on the website LiveLib, https://www.livelib.ru/book/1000024627-russkie-nelegaly-v-ssha-vladimir-chikov
  38. Khariton Yu B, Smirnov Yu N "O nekotorykh mifakh i legendakh vokrug sovetskikh atomnogo i vodorodnogo proektov (On some myths and legends around the Soviet Atomic and Hydrogen Projects)" Report delivered on January 12, 1993 at a Session of the Academic Council at the Russian Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute" in connection with the 90th anniversary of I V Kurchatov’s birth; Khariton Yu B, Smirnov Yu N "O nekotorykh mifakh i legendakh vokrug sovetskikh atomnogo i vodorodnogo proektov (On some myths and legends around the Soviet Atomic and Hydrogen Projects)" Chelovek Stoletiya: Yulii Borisovich Khariton (Man Of The Century: Yulii Borisovich Khariton, Ed. V N Mikhailov) (Moscow: IzdAT, 1999) p. 124; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/hariton-chelovek-stoletiya_1999/p124/
  39. "No. 151. Zapiska zaveduyushchego Laboratoriei No. 2 I.V. Kurchatova zamestitelyu predsedatelya SNK SSSR M.G. Pervukhinu s analizom soderzhaniya razvedmaterialov i predlozheniyami k programme rabot. 7 marta 1943 g. (No. 151. Memorandum from I V Kurchatov, the head of Laboratory No. 2, to M G Pervukh the deputy chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, with an analysis of the content of intelligence materials and proposals for the work program as of March 7, 1943)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 1 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 391; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library, https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn1_1998/p314/
  40. Skorynin G M "Gazovye tsentrifugi dlya razdeleniya izotopov. Chast’ 4. Sozdanie v SSSR promyshlennoi tekhnologii obogashcheniya urana tsentrifuzhnym metodom (Gas centrifuges for isotope separation. Part 4. Development of industrial technology for enriching uranium using the centrifuge method in the USSR)" PRoAtom Agency. May 7, 2019 https://www.proatom.ru/modules.php?name=News&sid=8577
  41. "No. 184. Plan raboty Laboratorii No. 2 na vtoroe polugodie 1943 g. 18 avgusta 1943 g. Ob’’yasnitel’naya zapiska k planu rabot Laboratorii No. 2 Akademii nauk SSSR na vtoroe polugodie 1943 g. (No. 184. Work plan of Laboratory No. 2 for the second half of 1943 as of August 18, 1943. Explanatory memorandum to the work plan of Laboratory No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the second half of 1943)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 1 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 386; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn1_1998/p386/
  42. Khalileev P A "Ya agent NKVD (I’m an NKVD agent)" Vestn. Ural. Otd. Ross. Akad. Nauk 1 (3) 19 (2003)
  43. "No. 390. Doklad I.K. Kikoina ’O razdelenii izotopov urana’ na zasedanii Tekhnicheskogo soveta Spetsial’nogo komiteta pri GKO. Ne pozdnee 10 sentyabrya 1945 g. (No. 390. Report of I K Kikoin ’On the separation of uranium isotopes’ at the meeting of the Technical Council of the Special Committee under the State Defense Committee as of not later than September 10, 1945)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 2 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Izd. MFTI, 2002) p. 367; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn2_2002/p367/
  44. Nasonov V "Blagorodnoe iskusstvo - portit’ otnosheniya s nachal’stvom. K stoletiyu so dnya rozhdeniya Fritz’a Lange - nemetskogo uchenogo, rabotavshego nad sozdaniem sovetskoi atomnoi bomby (The noble art of spoiling relations with the boss. On the centenary of the birth of Fritz Lange, a German scientist who worked on the creation of the Soviet atomic bomb)" Nezavisimaya Gazeta (2001), No. 06(42) of June 20, 2001; Archive copy in the online archive of the Internet Archive library (Wayback Machine) as of July 12, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20020124164816/http://science.ng.ru/safe/2000-01-19/7_art.html
  45. "No. 404. Iz doklada PGU I.V. Stalinu ’O sostoyanii rabot po polucheniyu i ispol’zovaniyu atomnoi energii’ 17 yanvarya 1946 g. (No. 404. Report of the First Main Directorate to I V Stalin ’On the state of work on obtaining and using atomic energy’ as of January 17, 1946)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 2 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Izd. MFTI, 2002) p. 413; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn2_2002/p413/
  46. "Zapiska I.K. Kikoina i A.I. Alikhanova M.G. Pervukhinu ’Sostoyanie problemy razdeleniya izotopov urana’ 4 yanvarya 1944 g. (Memorandum of I K Kikoin and A I Alikhanov to M G Pervukhin ’On the state of the problem of separating uranium isotopes’ as of January 4, 1944)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 2 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Izd. MFTI, 2002) p. 15; I K Kikoin - Fizika I Sud’ba (I K Kikoin - Physics And Destiny, (Ser. Monuments of Russian Science. XX Century), Exec. Ed. S S Yakimov) ((Moscow: Nauka, 2008) p. 339; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/kikoin-fizika-i-sudba_2008/p339/
  47. "No. 193. Spravka I.V. Kurchatova ’O sostoyanii rabot po probleme na 27 noyabrya s.g.’, predstavlennaya M.G. Pervukhinu. 28 noyabrya 1943 g. (No. 193. Report by I V Kurchatov to M G Pervukhin ’On the state of work on the problem as of November 27 of this year’ as of November 28, 1943)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 1 1938-1945 Pt. 1 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. L I Kudinova) (Moscow: Nauka, 1998) p. 403; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t1_kn1_1998/p403/
  48. Rakov E G "Uran (khimicheskii element, Uranium (chemical element))" Scientific and educational portal "Great Russian Encyclopedia" https://bigenc.ru/c/uran-khimicheskii-element-ac6ea2?ysclid=lp5n5k7lap848709125
  49. Andreeva O S, Bad’in V I, Kornilov A N Prirodnyi I Obogashchennyi Uran. Radiatsionno-Gigienicheskie Aspekty (Natural And Enriched Uranium. Radiation-Hygienic Aspects) (Moscow: Atomizdat, 1979); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/andreeva_prirodnyy-i-obogaschennyy-uran_1979/p0/
  50. Baranov M I "Antologiya vydayushchikhsya dostizhenii v nauke i tekhnike. Chast’ 40: Nauchnoe otkrytie metoda vzryvnoi implozii dlya polucheniya sverkhkriticheskoi massy yadernogo zaryada i ukrainskii ’sled’ v amerikanskom atomnom proekte ’Mankhetten’ (Anthology of outstanding achievements in science and technology. Part 40: Scientific discovery of the method of explosive implosion for obtaining a supercritical mass of a nuclear charge and Ukrainian ’trace’ in the American Manhattan (Atomic) Project)" Elektrotekh. Elektromekh. (5) 3 (2017); Electronic version on the website of the Scientific Electronic Library "CyberLeninka", https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/antologiya-vydayuschihsya-dostizheniy-v-nauke-i-tehnike-chast-40-nauchnoe-otkrytie-metoda-vzryvnoy-implozii-dlya-polucheniya
  51. "No. 253. Postanovlenie SM SSSR No. 1127-402ss/op ’O plane spetsial’nykh nauchno-issledovatel’skikh rabot na 1948 god’. 6 aprelya 1948 g. (No. 253. Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers No. 1127-402ss/op ’On the plan of special scientific research work for 1948’ as of April 6, 1948)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 2 Atomnaya Bomba. 1945-1954 (Atomic Bomb. 1945-1954) Book 3 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. G A Goncharov) (Sarov: RFYaTs-VNIIEF, 2002) p. 431; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t2_kn3_2002/p431/
  52. Suetin P E "U istokov atomnoi problemy. Kak nachinalsya Ural’skii Fiztekh (At the origins of the atomic problem. How the Ural Phystech began)" Izv. Ural. Gos. Univ. (12) 83 (1999); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/suetin_u-istokov-atomnoy-problemy_1999/p83/
  53. Goncharov V V "Pervyi period razvitiya atomnoi energetiki v SSSR (The first period of development of nuclear power in the USSR)" Istoriya Atomnoi Energetiki Sovetskogo Soyuza I Rossii (History Of Nuclear Power Of The Soviet Union And Russia) Issue 1 (Ed. V A Sidorenko) (Moscow: IzdAT, 2001) p. 16; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/istoriya-atomnoy-energetiki_v1_2001/p16/
  54. "No. 135. Doklad L.P. Beriya, B.L. Vannikova, A.P. Zavenyagina, I.V. Kurchatova, Yu.B. Kharitona i K.I. Shchelkina I.V. Stalinu o khode vypolneniya zadanii na 1951 god i o programme rabot po razvitiyu atomnoi promyshlennosti v 1951-1955 gg. 16 noyabrya 1951 g. (No. 135. Report by L P Beria, B L Vannikov, A P Zavenyag I V Kurchatov, Yu B Khariton, and K I Shchelkin to I V Stalin on the progress of fulfilling the tasks for 1951 and on the work program for the development of the nuclear industry in 1951-1955 as of November 16, 1951)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 2 Atomnaya Bomba. 1945-1954 (Atomic Bomb. 1945-1954) Book 7 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. G A Goncharov) (Sarov: RFYaTs-VNIIEF, Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2007) p. 342; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t2_kn7_2007/p342/
  55. Kagan Yu M "Akademik I.K. Kiko 100 let so dnya rozhdeniya (Academician I K Kiko 100 years since his birth)" I.K. Kikoin - Fizika I Sud’ba (I K Kikoin - Physics And Destiny, Ser. Monuments Of Russian Science. XX Century, Gen. Ed. S S Yakimov, Ser. Monuments of Russian Science. XX Century, Gen. Ed. S S Yakimov) (Moscow: Nauka, 2008) p. 133; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/kikoin-fizika-i-sudba_2008/p7/
  56. "No. 266. Iz postanovleniya SM SSSR No. 1679-658ss/op ’O merakh po podgotovke k pusku i ekspluatatsii Gosudarstvennogo mashinostroitel’nogo zavoda Pervogo glavnogo upravleniya pri Sovete Ministrov SSSR’. 22 maya 1948 g. (No. 266. From the resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers No. 1679-658ss/op ’On measures to prepare for the launch and operation of the State Machine-Building Plant of the First Main Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR’ as of May 22, 1948)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 2 Atomnaya Bomba. 1945-1954 (Atomic Bomb. 1945-1954) Book 3 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. G A Goncharov) (Sarov: RFYaTs-VNIIEF, 2002) p. 472; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t2_kn3_2002/p472/
  57. Bazhenov V A et al "Osvoenie gazotsentrifuzhnogo metoda razdeleniya izotopov na UEKhK (Development of the gas centrifuge method for separating uranium isotopes at Ural Electrochemical Combine)" Razrabotka I Sozdanie Gazotsentrifuzhnogo Metoda Razdeleniya Izotopov V SSSR (Rossii, Development And Creation Of The Gas Centrifuge Method For Separating Isotopes In The USSR (Russia)) (St. Petersburg: LNPP "Oblik", 2002) p. 115; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/razrabotka-gazotsentrifuzhnogo-razdeleniya-izotopov_2002/p115/
  58. Simonenko D L "O nekotorykh epizodakh sovmestnoi raboty s I.K. Kikoinym (On some episodes of joint work with I K Kikoin)" I.K. Kikoin - Fizika I Sud’ba (I K Kikoin - Physics And Destiny, Ser. Monuments of Russian Science. XX Century, Exec. Ed. S S Yakimov) (Moscow: Nauka, 2008) p. 659; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/kikoin-fizika-i-sudba_2008/p659/
  59. Tsukerman V A, Azarkh Z M Lyudi I Vzryvy (People And Explosions) (Arzamas-16: RFYaTs-VNIIEF, 1994); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/tsukerman-azarh_lyudi-i-vzryvy_1994/p0_o/
  60. Drovenikov I S, Romanov S V "Uran-45 (Uranium-45)" Priroda (6) 74 (2004); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/drovenikov_uran-45_2004/p74/
  61. Artemov E T, Bedel’ A E Ukroshchenie Urana: Stranitsy Istorii Ural’skogo Elektrokhimicheskogo Kombinata (Taming Uranium: Pages Of The History Of The Ural Electrochemical Combine) (Novoural’sk: SV-96, 1999); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/artemov_ukroschenie-urana_1999/p0/
  62. Mazur V A "’Papa Karlo.’ K stoletiyu so dnya rozhdeniya chlena-korrespondenta AN SSSR Sergeya Vasil’evicha Karpacheva, rektora Ural’skogo universiteta (’Papa Carlo.’ On the centenary of the birth of corresponding member of the USSR Academy of sciences Sergei Vasil’evich Karpachev, rector of the Ural University in 1956-1963)" Izv. Ural. Gos. Univ. (40) 234 (2006); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/mazur_papa-karlo_2006/p234/
  63. History of Rosatom. Electronic Library. Personalia: Karpachev Sergei Vasilievich, https://www.biblioatom.ru/persons/karpachev_sergey_vasilevich/
  64. "No. 137. Postanovlenie SM SSSR No. 4964-2148ss/op ’O nagrazhdenii i premirovanii za vydayushchiesya nauchnye raboty v oblasti ispol’zovaniya atomnoi energii, za sozdanie novykh vidov izdelii RDS, dostizheniya v oblasti proizvodstva plutoniya i urana-235 i razvitiya syr’evoi bazy dlya atomnoi promyshlennosti’. 6 dekabrya 1951 g. (No. 137. Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers No. 4964-2148ss/op ’On awarding and rewarding outstanding scientific work in the field of atomic energy use, for the creation of new types of RDS products, achievements in the field of plutonium and uranium-235 production, and the development of a raw material base for the atomic industry’ as of December 6, 1951)" Atomnyi Proekt SSSRSSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials) Vol. 2 Atomnaya Bomba. 1945-1954 (Atomic Bomb. 1945-1954) Book 7 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev, Exec. Comp. G A Goncharov) (Sarov: RFYaTs±VNIIEF, Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2007) p. 351; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t2_kn7_2007/p351/
  65. Emel’yanenkov A F Solo Na Tsentrifuge (Solo On A Centrifuge) (Moscow: ANO "Informatsionnyi Tsentr Atomnoi Otrasli", 2013); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/emelyanenkov_solo-na-tsentrifuge_2013/p0/
  66. Uranium Enrichment, updated 11 October 2022. World Nuclear Association, https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment.aspx
  67. Simonenko O D "Eksperimental’nye issledovaniya dlya sozdaniya promyshlennykh metodov razdeleniya izotopov urana v SSSR v 1943-1950 gg. (Experimental studies for the development of industrial methods for separating uranium isotopes in the USSR in 1943-1950)" Nauka I Obshchestvo: Istoriya Sovetskogo Atomnogo Proekta ( 40-e-50-e Gody ). Trudy Mezhdunarodnogo Simpoziuma ISAP-96, Dubna, 14-18 Maya 1996 (Science And Society: History Of The Soviet Atomic Project (1940s-1950s). Proc. Of The Intern. Symp. ISAP-96, Dubna, May 14-18, 1996) Vol. 2 (Exec. Ed. Yu V Gaponov) (Moscow: IzdAT, 1999) p. 438; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/istoriya-sovetskogo-atomnogo-proekta_t2_1999/p438/
  68. Gorelik G E "Vitalii Ginzburg: nauka i nrav nobelevskogo laureata. Po stranitsam Litgazety (Vitaly Ginzburg: science and character of the Nobel Laureate. On the pages of the Literary Newspaper)" Ginzburg V. Pis’ma K Lyubimoi (Letters To His Beloved) (Moscow: Vremya, 2016) p. 353, (afterword to the book); https://ggorelik.wordpress.com/lik.wordpress.com/%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BA-%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9-%D0%BC/#_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%81440138931
  69. Vasil’ev A P "Sistema dal’nego obnaruzheniya yadernykh vzryvov i sovetskii atomnyi proekt (The system of early warning of nuclear explosions and the Soviet Atomic Project)" Istoriya Sovetskogo Atomnogo Proekta: Dokumenty, Vospominaniya, Iissledovaniya (History Of The Soviet Atomic Project: Documents, Memoirs, Research) Issue 2 (Exec. Ed. and Comp. V P Vizgin) (St. Petersburg: RKhGI, 2002) p. 237; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/istoriya-sovetskogo-atomnogo-proekta_v2_2002/p237/
  70. Prekul T S "Shtrikhi k portretu Sergeya Konstantinovicha Sidorova (Strokes to the portrait of Sergei Konstantinovich Sidorov)" Fizika Metallov Na Urale. Istoriya Instituta Fiziki Metallov V Litsakh (Physics Of Metals In The Urals. History Of The Institute Of Metal Physics In Persons) (Ekaterinburg: RIO UrO RAN, 2012) p. 259; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/fizika-metallov-na-urale_2012/p259/
  71. Pushin V G, Buinova L N "Vekhi puti: biografiya Nikolaya Nikolaevicha Buinova (Milestones: biography of Nikolai Nikolaevich Buinov)" Fizika Metallov Na Urale. Istoriya Instituta Fiziki Metallov V Litsakh (Physics Of Metals In The Urals. History Of The Institute Of Metal Physics In Persons) (Ekaterinburg: RIO UrO RAN, 2012) p. 329; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/fizika-metallov-na-urale_2012/p329/
  72. History of Rosatom. Electronic Library. Personalia: Tarasov Diodor Mikhailovich, https://www.biblioatom.ru/persons/tarasov_diodor_mikhailovich/
  73. Tarasov M D Istoriya Sem’i Iz Zakrytogo Goroda (History Of A Family From A Closed City) 2nd ed., rev. and enlarg. (Sarov: FGUP RFYaTs-VNIIEF, 2020); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/tarasov_istoriya-semyi_2020/p0/
  74. Litvinov B V Grani Proshedshego (Trptikh, Facets Of The Past (Triptych)) (Moscow: IzdAT, 2006); Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/litvinov_grani-proshedshego_2006/p0_o/
  75. ""K 120-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya Antona Panteleimonovicha Komara" ("On the 120th birthday of Anton Panteleimonovich Komar")" Section "Mounts with the Institute’s Personnel." Web-site of the High Energy Physics Department of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI https://hepd.pnpi.spb.ru/hepd/Muzej_PNPI/stendy_personalij_instituta/stend_komar.pdf
  76. Komar Anton Panteleimonovich (Ural State University in Biographies, Comp. V A Mazur) (Ekaterinburg: Izd. Ural. Gos. Univ., 2010); https://biography.ideafix.co/index55e9.html?base=mag&id=a_0130
  77. Pushin V G "Stanovlenie i razvitie issledovanii strukturnykh i fazovykh prevrashchenii v Institute" ("Formation and development of research into structural and phase transformations at the Institute")" Fizika Metallov Na Urale. Istoriya Instituta Fiziki Metallov V Litsakh (Physics Of Metals In The Urals. History Of The Institute Of Metal Physics In Persons) (Ekaterinburg: RIO UrO RAN, 2012) p. 389; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/fizika-metallov-na-urale_2012/p389/
  78. Nasryeva M M "Fritz Fritzevich Lange" Fizika Metallov Na Urale. Istoriya Instituta Fiziki Metallov V Litsakh 2.0 (Physics Of Metals In The Urals. History Of The Institute Of Metal Physics In Persons 2.0, Comp. I Yu Arapova et al) (Ekaterinburg: Inst. Fiziki Metallov, 2023) p. 205
  79. Gudina S V "Daniil Lukich Simonenko" Fizika Metallov Na Urale. Istoriya Instituta Fiziki Metallov V Litsakh 2.0 (Physics Of Metals In The Urals. History Of The Institute Of Metal Physics In Persons 2.0, Comp. I Yu Arapova et al) (Ekaterinburg: Inst. Fiziki Metallov, 2023) p. 294
  80. Memoirs of Volkov Vladimir Vladimirovich, a graduate of the UPI Physics and Technology Institute. Website FizikoTekhnik, https://new.fizikotekhnik.ru/FizikoTekhnik_Narod/FizikoTekhnik_MemVvv.htm
  81. Lundin A B "’Ya vsyu zhizn’ zanimalsya tem, chto menya interesovalo’ (o Borise Nikolaeviche Lundine, ’All my life I have been engaged in things that were interesting to me’ (about Boris Nikolaevich Lundin))" Aktual’nye Problemy Khimii I Tekhnologii Organicheskikh Veshchestv. Istoriya, Problemy Organicheskogo Sinteza, Perspektivy (Actual Problems Of Chemistry And Technology Of Organic Substances. History, Problems Of Organic Synthesis, Prospects, Exec. Eds V I Saloutin, O V Fedorova) (Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 2002) p. 39
  82. Aleksandrov A P, Belyaev S T, Velikhov E P, Kagan Yu M, Kadomtsev B B, Legasov V A "Isaak Konstantinovich Kikoin (Obituary)" Sov. Phys. Usp. 29 585 (1986); Aleksandrov A P, Belyaev S T, Velikhov E P, Kagan Yu M, Kadomtsev B B, Legasov V A "Pamyati Isaaka Konstantinovicha Kikoina" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 149 347 (1986)
  83. Il’kaev R I, Ryabev L D "The Academy of Sciences and implementation of the Atomic Project in the USSR (on the 75th anniversary of the Atomic industry)" Phys. Usp. 65 488 (2022); Il’kaev R I, Ryabev L D "Akademiya nauk i realizatsiya Atomnogo proekta v SSSR (k 75-letiyu Atomnoi otrasli)" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 192 528 (2022)
  84. Genkin Ya E, Kaipov D K, Kel’man V M, Kurdyumov G V, Usanovich M I, Chanyev S M "Moisei Izrailevich Korsunskii (obituary)" Sov. Phys. Usp. 20 557 (1977); Genkin Ya E, Kaipov D K, Kel’man V M, Kurdyumov G V, Usanovich M I, Chanyev S M "Pamyati Moiseya Izrailevicha Korsunskogo" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 122 345 (1977)
  85. Genkin Ya E, Kaipov D K, Kel’man V M, Chanyshev S M "Moisei Izrailevich Korsunskii (on his seventieth birthday)" Sov. Phys. Usp. 16 581 (1974); Genkin Ya E, Kaipov D K, Kel’man V M, Chanyshev S M "Moisei Izrailevich Korsunskii (K semidesyatiletiyu so dnya rozhdeniya)" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 110 471 (1973)
  86. Genkin Ya E "Moisei Izrailevich Korsunskii (On the occasion of his sixtieth birthday)" Sov. Phys. Usp. 6 947 (1964); Genkin Ya E "Moisei Izrailevich Korsunskii (K shestidesyatiletiyu so dnya rozhdeniya)" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 81 779 (1963)
  87. Atomnyi Proekt SSSRSSSR: Dokumenty I Materialy (Soviet Atomic Project: Documents And Materials)Vol. 2 Atomnaya Bomba. 1945-1954 (Atomic Bomb. 1945-1954) Book 1 (Gen. Ed. L D Ryabev) (Sarov: RFYaTs-VNIIEF, 1999) p. 664; Electronic version on the website "History of Rosatom. Electronic Library", https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/atomny-proekt-sssr_t2_kn1_1999/p664/
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions