When intense laser radiation interacts with matter, high-order harmonic generation (HHG) takes place; recent achievements in this area were reported by the authors in a review [V V Strelkov et al. Phys. Usp. 59 425 (2016)]. Under certain conditions, the phases of the harmonics can be synchronized in such a way that, adding up, the fields of the harmonics form attosecond ultraviolet (or X-ray) pulses. In this review, we address the generation of a train of attosecond pulses and a single attosecond pulse from a group of high-order harmonics. The problem of measuring the duration of attosecond pulses required both a serious modernization of the measurement methods known in femtosecond optics and the development of fundamentally new approaches. This review describes the main methods for measuring attosecond pulses that have been successfully demonstrated to date. Finally, the use of such pulses to probe the dynamics of electronic processes in matter and to control such processes at attosecond times is discussed.

Keywords: attosecond ultraviolet and X-ray pulses, high-order harmonic generation, interaction of intense laser radiation with matter, phase matching, attosecond metrology, time-resolved nonlinear spectroscopy PACS: 42.65.Ky, 42.65.Re, 52.38.−r (all) DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2021.10.039078 URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2023/4/b/ 001099929700003 2-s2.0-85182899469 2023PhyU...66..360R Citation: Ryabikin M Yu, Emelin M Yu, Strelkov V V "Attosecond electromagnetic pulses: generation, measurement, and application. Attosecond metrology and spectroscopy" Phys. Usp. 66 360–380 (2023) BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks Received: 30th, July 2021, accepted: 14th, October 2021 Оригинал: Рябикин М Ю, Емелин М Ю, Стрелков В В «Аттосекундные электромагнитные импульсы: генерация, измерение и применение. Аттосекундная метрология и спектроскопия» УФН 193 382–405 (2023); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2021.10.039078