RSS feeds
ÐóññêèéEnglish
Issue 11, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

2017

 / 

October

←  →

Reviews of topical problems


On separation of mixtures of chemical elements in plasma

,
National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, pl. akad. Kurchatova 1, Moscow, 123182, Russian Federation

This paper reviews proposals on the plasma processing of radioactive waste (RW) and spent nuclear fuel (SNF). The chemical reprocessing of SNF based on the extraction of its components from water solutions is rather expensive and produces new waste. The paper presents known experimental research on plasma separation of the mixtures of chemical elements and isotopes, whose results can help evaluate the plasma methods of RW and SNF reprocessing. Analysis identifies the difference in ionization levels of RW and SNF components at their transition to the plasma phase as a reason why all plasma methods are difficult to apply.

Fulltext pdf (981 KB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2016.12.038016
Keywords: plasma centrifuge, magnetic trap, centrifugal trap, ion cyclotron resonance, spent nuclear fuel
PACS: 28.41.Kw, 52.25.Xz, 52.30.−q, 52.75.−d (all)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2016.12.038016
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2017/10/b/
000419110600002
2-s2.0-85040914590
2017PhyU...60..994D
Citation: Dolgolenko D A, Muromkin Yu A "On separation of mixtures of chemical elements in plasma" Phys. Usp. 60 994–1017 (2017)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Received: 18th, October 2016, revised: 9th, December 2016, 21st, December 2016

Îðèãèíàë: Äîëãîëåíêî Ä À, Ìóðîìêèí Þ À «Î ðàçäåëåíèè ñìåñåé õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ïëàçìå» ÓÔÍ 187 1071–1096 (2017); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2016.12.038016

References (166) ↓ Cited by (56) Similar articles (20)

  1. Prusakov V N, Simonov N F, Trotsenko N M Proc. of the Second United Nations Intern. Conf. on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy Vol. 17 (Geneva: United Nations, 1958) p. 468
  2. Veryatin U D i dr. Atomnaya Energiya 31 375 (1971)
  3. Trotsenko N M Izotopy: Svoistva, Poluchenie, Primenenie Vol. 2 (Pod red. V Yu Baranova) (M.: Fizmatlit, 2005) p. 173
  4. Ohkawa T, Miller R L Phys. Plasmas 9 5116 (2002)
  5. Litvak A et al. Proc. of the 30th European Physical Society Conf. on Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics, St. Petersburg, Russia, 7 - 11 July 2003 Vol. 27 (London: ECA, 2003) p. O1.6A
  6. Ohkawa T "Plasma mass filter" US Patent No. 6,096,220 (2000)
  7. Ohkawa T "Tandem plasma mass filter" US Patent No. 6,235,202 B1 (2001)
  8. Cluggish B P et al. Phys. Plasmas 12 057101 (2005)
  9. Cairns J B S Proc. of Intern. Conf. on Uranium Isotope Separation, London, 1975 (London: British Nuclear Energy Society, 1975)
  10. Belorusov A V i dr. Pis’ma ZhTF 2 664 (1976)
  11. Belorusov A V i dr. Fizika Plazmy 5 1239 (1979)
  12. Vlasov V V i dr. Pis’ma ZhETF 27 264 (1978); Vlasov V V et al. JETP Lett. 27 247 (1978)
  13. Morozov A I i dr. Dokl. VII Vserossiiskoi (Mezhdunarodnoi) nauchnoi konferentsii "Fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy pri selektsii atomov i molekul" (M.: TsNIIatominform, 2002) p. 148
  14. Smirnov V P i dr. Dokl. IX Vserossiiskoi (Mezhdunarodnoi) nauchnoi konferentsii "Fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy pri selektsii atomov i molekul" (M.: TsNIIatominform, 2004) p. 7
  15. Zhil’tsov V A i dr. Atomnaya Energiya 101 302 (2006); Zhil’tsov V A et al. Atom. Energy 101 755 (2006)
  16. Skibenko E I et al. Proc. of the 2nd Intern. Conf. Current Problems in Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy, NPAE-2008, Kyiv, Ukraine, June 9 - 15, 2008 p. 657
  17. Egorov A M i dr. Vestn. Nats. Tekh. Un-ta Khar’kovskii Politekhnicheskii In-t (41) 78 (2009)
  18. Yuferov V B i dr. Voprosy Atomnoi Nauki Tekhniki (3) 96 (2012)
  19. Fetterman A J, Fisch N J PPPL-4627 Report (Princeton: Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 2011)
  20. Fetterman A J , Fisch N J Phys. Plasmas 18 094503 (2011)
  21. Krishnan M, Geva M, Hirshfield J L Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 36 (1981)
  22. Geva M, Krishnan M, Hirshfield J L J. Appl. Phys. 56 1398 (1984)
  23. Lafferty J M (Ed.) Vacuum Arcs. Theory And Application (New York: Wiley, 1980); Per. na russk. yaz., Lafferti Dzh (Red.) Vakuumnye Dugi. Teoriya i Prilozhenie (M.: Mir, 1982)
  24. Louvet P Proc. of the Second Workshop on Separation Phenomena in Liquids and Gases Vol. 1 (Eds P Louvet, P Noe, Soubbaramayer) (Versailles-Saclay: Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1989) p. 5
  25. Grossman M W, Shepp T A IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 19 1114 (1991)
  26. Ustinov A L Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki. Ser. Fizika Plazmy T. 12 Plazmennye Metody Razdeleniya Izotopov (Pod red. A I Karchevskogo) (M.: VINITI, 1991) p. 42
  27. Karchevskii A I, Potanin E P Izotopy: Svoistva, Poluchenie, Primenenie Vol. 1 (Pod red. V Yu Baranova) (M.: Fizmatlit, 2005) p. 326
  28. Whichello J V, Evans P J, Simpson S W Proc. of the 4th Workshop on Separation Phenomena in Liquids and Gases (Ed. C Ying) (Beijing: Tsinghua Univ., 1994) p. 215
  29. US DOE Small Business Innovation Research, http://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/407517
  30. Krishnan M, Prasad R R J. Appl. Phys. 57 49 (1985)
  31. Artsimovich L A Upravlyaemye Termoyadernye Reaktsii (M.: Fizmatgiz, 1963); Per. na angl. yaz., Artsimovich L A Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions (New York: Gordon and Breach Sci. Publ., 1964)
  32. Volosov V I Fizika Plazmy 23 811 (1997); Volosov V I Plasma Phys. Rep. 23 751 (1997)
  33. Volosov V I Nucl. Fusion 46 820 (2006)
  34. Artsimovich L A, Luk’yanov S Yu Dvizhenie Zaryazhennykh Chastits v Elektricheskikh i Magnitnykh Polyakh (M.: Nauka, 1978); Per. na angl. yaz., Artsimovich L A, Lukyanov S Yu Motion Of Charged Particles In Electric And Magnetic Fields (Moscow: Mir, 1980)
  35. Bondarenko V G, Kuz’min R N Izotopy : Svoistva, Poluchenie, Primenenie T. 1 (Pod Red. V Yu Baranova) (M.: Fizmatlit, 2005) p. 290
  36. Morozov A I, Savel’ev V V Fizika Plazmy 31 458 (2005); Morozov A I, Savel’ev V V Plasma Phys. Rep. 31 417 (2005)
  37. Bardakov V M i dr. Izv. Vuzov. Yadernaya Energetika (2) 123 (2011)
  38. Smirnov V P i dr. Fizika Plazmy 39 523 (2013); Smirnov V P et al. Plasma Phys. Rep. 39 456 (2013)
  39. Papernyi V L, Lebedev N V Fizika Plazmy 40 90 (2014); Papernyi V L, Lebedev N V Plasma Phys. Rep. 40 78 (2014)
  40. Babichev A P, Muromkin Yu A, Potanin E P Dokl. X Mezhdunarod. nauchnoi konf. "Fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy pri selektsii atomov i molekul" (M.: TsNIIatominform, 2005) p. 124
  41. Morozov A I Vvedenie v Plazmodinamiku (M.: Fizmatlit, 2008)
  42. Timofeev A V Usp. Fiz. Nauk 184 1101 (2014); Timofeev A V Phys. Usp. 57 990 (2014)
  43. Paskalov G, Wong A Intern. Symp. on Plasma Physics, ISPC 19, Bochum, Germany, 27 - 31 July 2009 (Bochum: Ruhr-Univ., 2009) p. Paper 25
  44. Slepian J J. Appl. Phys. 26 1283 (1955)
  45. Bonnevier B Ark. Fys. 33 255 (1966)
  46. Bonnevier B Plasma Phys. 13 763 (1971)
  47. Lehnert B Phys. Scripta 7 102 (1973)
  48. Shpol’skii E V Atomnaya Fizika Vol. 1 (M: Fizmatlit, 1963); Per. na angl. yaz., Shpol’skii E V Atomic Physics Vol. 1 (London: Iliffe Books, 1963)
  49. James B W, Simpson S W Phys. Lett. A 46 347 (1974)
  50. Korobtsev S V, Rusanov V D Plazmennaya Tsentrifuga — Plazmokhimicheskii Reaktor Novogo Tipa (M.: TsNIIatominform, 1988)
  51. Korobtsev S V i dr. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 270 876 (1983); Korobtsev S V et al. Sov. Phys. Dokl. 28 504 (1983)
  52. Kikoin I K (Red.) Tablitsy Fizicheskikh Velichin. Spravochnik (M.: Atomizdat, 1976)
  53. Wijnakker M M B, Granneman E H A Z. Naturforsch. A 35 883 (1980)
  54. Potanin E P, Ustinov A L Fizika Plazmy 10 1040 (1984)
  55. Alfvén H Rev. Mod. Phys. 32 710 (1960)
  56. Lai Shu T Rev. Geophys. 39 471 (2001)
  57. Ellis R F et al. Phys. Plasmas 12 055704 (2005)
  58. Teodorescu C et al. Phys. Plasmas 17 052503 (2010)
  59. Ellis R F et al. Phys. Plasmas 8 2057 (2001)
  60. Belorusov A V, Karchevskii A I Prib. Tekh. Eksp. (2) 213 (1977)
  61. Belorusov A V Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 55 919 (1985)
  62. Belorusov A V et al. XVII Intern. Conf. on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, Budapest 8 - 12 July 1985. Contributed Papers Vol. 2 (Budapest: The Conference, 1985) p. 765
  63. Muromkin Yu A et al. XIX Intern. Conf. on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, Belgrade, 10 - 14 July 1989. Contributed Papers Vol. 1 (Belgrade: Univ. of Belgrade, 1989) p. 246
  64. Hirshfield J L, Levin L A, Danziger O IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 17 695 (1989)
  65. Karchevskii A I, Averin V G, Bezmel’nitsyn V N Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 58 1131 (1970); Karchevskii A I, Averin V G, Bezmel’nitsyn V N Sov. Phys. JETP 31 605 (1970)
  66. Babichev A P Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 42 1219 (1972)
  67. Ikehata T et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 55 1289 (1989)
  68. Krishnan M, Hirshfield J L Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51 911 (1980)
  69. Prasad R R, Krishnan M J. Appl. Phys. 61 113 (1987)
  70. Hole M J et al. Phys. Rev. E 65 046409 (2002)
  71. Krishnan M Phys. Fluids 26 2676 (1983)
  72. Kikoin A K, Kikoin I K Molekulyarnaya Fizika (M.: Nauka, 1976); Per. na angl. yaz., Kikoin A K, Kikoin I K Molecular Physics (Moscow: Mir, 1978)
  73. Prasad R R, Krishnan M J. Appl. Phys. 61 4464 (1987)
  74. Del Bosco E, Dallaqua R S, Simpson S W Proc. of 5th Workshop on Separation Phenomena in Liquids and Gases, Foz do Iguacu, Brasil, 1996 (Eds C Schwab, N A S Rodriges, H G Wood) p. 169
  75. Simpson S W, Dallaqua R S, Del Bosco E J. Phys. D 29 1040 (1996)
  76. Yue Y, Simpson S W J. Phys. D 29 2866 (1996)
  77. Babichev A P i dr. Dokl. VII (Mezhdunarod.) nauchnoi konf. "Fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy pri selektsii atomov i molekul" (M.: TsNIIatominform, 2002) p. 208
  78. Pashkovskii V G Dokl. VII (Mezhdunarod.) nauchnoi konf. "Fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy pri selektsii atomov i molekul" (M.: TsNIIatominform, 2002) p. 214
  79. Belorusov A V Pis’ma ZhTF 6 358 (1980)
  80. Gorbunova E F, Karchevskii A I, Muromkin Yu A Fizika Plazmy 12 1087 (1986)
  81. Potanin E P, Karchevskii A I, Ustinov A L Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 48 472 (1978)
  82. Karchevskii A I, Potanin E P, Sazykin A A Fizika Plazmy 5 1355 (1979)
  83. Belorusov A V i dr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 50 931 (1980)
  84. Gueroult R, Fisch N J Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 23 035002 (2014)
  85. Dawson J M et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 37 1547 (1976)
  86. Abdrashitov G F et al. Nucl. Fusion 31 1275 (1991)
  87. Bekhtenev A A, Volosov V I Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 48 1657 (1978)
  88. Tsushima A et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 1815 (1986)
  89. Lehnert B Nucl. Fusion 11 485 (1971)
  90. Shinohara S, Horii S Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46 4276 (2007)
  91. Boswell R W Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 26 1147 (1984)
  92. Keiter P A, Scime E E, Balkey M M Phys. Plasmas 4 2741 (1997)
  93. Light M, Chen F F, Colestock P L Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 11 273 (2002)
  94. Yuferov V B i dr. Voprosy Atomnoi Nauki Tekhniki (5) 100 (2013)
  95. Il’icheva V O i dr. Voprosy Atomnoi Nauki Tekhniki (4) 112 (2012)
  96. Yuferov V B et al. East Eur. J. Phys. 1 96 (2014)
  97. Rozhkov A M i dr. Pis’ma ZhETF 10 71 (1969); Rozhkov A M et al. JETP Lett. 10 46 (1969)
  98. Rozhkov A M et al. Plasma Phys. 12 519 (1970)
  99. Frank-Kamenetskii D A Lektsii Po Fizike Plazmy (M.: Atomizdat, 1964)
  100. Zavoiskii E K Atomnaya Energiya 14 57 (1963)
  101. Dovbnya A N i dr. Voprosy Atomnoi Nauki Tekhniki (4) 51 (2004)
  102. Gabor D Nature 160 89 (1947)
  103. Mikhailovskii A B, Tsypin V S Pis’ma ZhETF 3 247 (1966); Mikhailovskii A B, Tsypin V S JETP Lett. 3 158 (1966)
  104. Eliseev Yu N, Rozhkov A M, Stepanov K N Ukr. Fiz. Zhurn. 27 688 (1982)
  105. Rynn N et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 765 (1974)
  106. Lominadze D G Tsiklotronnye Volny v Plazme (Pod red. A B Mikhailovskogo) (Tbilisi: METsNIEREBA, 1975); Per. na angl. yaz., Lominadze D G Cyclotron Waves In Plasma (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1975)
  107. Schmitt J P M Phys. Fluids 21 1461 (1978)
  108. Muromkin Yu A, Pashkovskii V G Fizika Plazmy 14 737 (1988); Muromkin Yu A, Pashkovskii V G Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 14 436 (1988)
  109. Kovtun Yu V i dr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 80 (5) 143 (2010); Kovtun Yu V et al. Tech. Phys. 55 735 (2010)
  110. Kovtun Yu V i dr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 81 (5) 35 (2011); Kovtun Yu V et al. Tech. Phys. 56 623 (2011)
  111. Kovtun Yu V et al. Ukr. J. Phys. 58 450 (2013)
  112. Wijnakker M M B, Granneman E H A, Kistemaker J Z. Naturforsch. A 34 672 (1979)
  113. Ghosh J et al. Phys. Plasmas 13 022503 (2006)
  114. Teodorescu C et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 085003 (2010)
  115. Gueroult R, Fisch N J Phys. Plasmas 19 122503 (2012)
  116. Fetterman A J, Fisch N J Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18 045003 (2009)
  117. Bekhtenev A A et al. Nucl. Fusion 20 579 (1980)
  118. Boyer K et al. Proc. of the Second United Nations Intern. Conf. on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy Vol. 31 (Geneva: UNITED NATIONS, 1958) p. 319
  119. Compant La Fontaine A et al. J. Phys. D 31 847 (1998)
  120. Gueroult R et al. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 035024 (2016)
  121. Eliseev V A, Poplavskaya E V Atomnaya Energiya 96 193 (2004)
  122. Morozov A I, Lebedev S V Voprosy Teorii Plazmy Vol. 8 (Pod red. M A Leontovicha) (M.: Atomizdat, 1974) p. 332
  123. Bardakov V M, Kichigin G N, Strokin N A Pis’ma ZhTF 36 (4) 75 (2010); Bardakov V M, Kichigin G N, Strokin N A Tech. Phys. Lett. 36 185 (2010)
  124. Bardakov V M, Ivanov S B, Strokin N A Phys. Plasmas 21 033505 (2014)
  125. Bardakov V M et al. Plasma Sci. Technol. 17 862 (2015)
  126. Demidenko I I i dr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 34 1183 (1964)
  127. Samokhin A A i dr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 86 (2) 127 (2016); Samokhin A A et al. Tech. Phys. 61 283 (2016)
  128. Timofeev A V Fizika Plazmy 26 667 (2000); Timfeev A V Plasma Phys. Rep. 26 626 (2000)
  129. Safronov B G i dr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 32 678 (1962)
  130. Voitsenya V S i dr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 34 280 (1964)
  131. Papernyi V L, Krasov V I Pis’ma ZhTF 37 (11) 53 (2011); Papernyi V L, Krasov V I Tech. Phys. Lett. 37 988 (2011)
  132. Papernyi V L, Krasov V I Fizika Plazmy 37 1057 (2011); Papernyi V L, Krasov V I Plasma Phys. Rep. 37 988 (2011)
  133. Becker E W Uranium Enrichment (Ed. S Villani) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1979); Per. na russk. yaz., Bekker E V Obogashchenie Urana (Pod red. S Villani) (M.: Energoatomizdat, 1983) p. 233
  134. Babichev A P et al. Proc. of the Conf. on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research Vol. 2 (Vienna: IAEA, 1966) p. 191
  135. Kalmykov A A i dr. Prib. Tekh. Eksp. (5) 142 (1963)
  136. Romessor T E et al. IEEE Intern. Conf. Record Abstracts, 1983 IEEE Int. Conf. Plasma Science p. 71
  137. Mussetto M et al. IEEE Intern. Conf. Record Abstracts, 1983 IEEE Intern. Conf. Plasma Science p. 70
  138. Stevenson N R, Bigelow T S, Tarallo F J J. Rad. Nucl. Chem. 257 153 (2003)
  139. Grossbeck M L, Renier J-P A, Bigelow T "Development of improved burnable poisons for commercial nuclear power reactors" Final Report on NERI Project Number 99-0074 (Tennessee: Univ. of Tennessee, 2003)
  140. Carty J S, Wong A, Rosenthal G 4th Intern. Conf. on Isotopes, Cape Town, South Africa. 2002, Final Programme and Abstracts p. 36
  141. La Fontaine A C, Gil Ch, Louvet P C.R. Acad. Sci. II 308 821 (1989)
  142. Louvet P et al. Proc. of the 4th Workshop on Separation Phenomena in Liquids and Gases (Ed. C Ying) (Beijing: Tsinghua Univ., 1994) p. 83
  143. Pailloux A, Compant la Fontaine A, Louvet P Proc. of the Sixth Workshop on Separation Phenomena in Liquids and Gases (Ed. I Yamamoto) (Nagoya: Nagoya Univ., 1998) p. 332
  144. La Fontaine A C et al. J. Phys. D 31 847 (1998)
  145. La Fontaine A C, Louvet P Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 8 125 (1999)
  146. Karchevskii A I i dr. Preprint IAE-5239/7 (M.: IAE, 1990)
  147. Karchevskii A I i dr. Fizika Plazmy 19 411 (1993); Karchevskii A I et al. Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 19 214 (1993)
  148. Gorshunov N M i dr. Prikladnaya Fizika (3) 34 (2001)
  149. Babichev A P i dr. Fizika Plazmy 40 864 (2014); Babichev A P et al. Plasma Phys. Rep. 40 760 (2014)
  150. Muromkin Yu A Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki Ser. Fizika Plazmy T. 12 Plazmennye Metody Razdeleniya Izotopov (M.: VINITI, 1991) p. 83
  151. Karchevskii A I, Muromkin Yu A Izotopy: Svoistva, Poluchenie, Primenenie Vol. 1 (Pod red. V Yu Baranova) (M.: Fizmatlit, 2005) p. 307
  152. Dolgolenko D A, Muromkin Yu A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 179 369 (2009); Dolgolenko D A, Muromkin Yu A Phys. Usp. 52 345 (2009)
  153. Muromkin Yu A J. Ener. Power Eng. 7 306 (2013)
  154. Adamov E O i dr. Voprosy Atomnoi Nauki Tekhniki. Ser. Obespechenie Bezopasnosti AES (4) 5 (2004)
  155. Adamov E O i dr. Voprosy Atomnoi Nauki Tekhniki. Ser. Obespechenie Bezopasnosti AES (4) 26 (2004)
  156. Timofeev A V Fizika Plazmy 33 971 (2007); Timofeev A V Plasma Phys. Rep. 33 890 (2007)
  157. Timofeev A V Fizika Plazmy 35 989 (2009); Timofeev A V Plasma Phys. Rep. 35 912 (2009)
  158. Timofeev A V Fizika Plazmy 25 232 (1999); Timofeev A V Plasma Phys. Rep. 253 207 (1999)
  159. Wong A Y, Rosenthal G B US Patent No. 5,981,955 (1999)
  160. Dolgolenko D A et al. Proc. of the 4th Workshop on Separation Phenomena in Liquids and Gases (Ed. C Ying) (Beijing: Tsinghua Univ., 1994) p. 93
  161. Dolgolenko D A, Karchevskii A I, Potanin E P Dokl. V Vserossiiskoi (Mezhdunarod.) nauchnoi konf. "Fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy pri selektsii atomov i molekul" (M.: TsNIIatominform, 2000) p. 130
  162. Timofeev A V, Kuyanov A Yu Fizika Plazmy 36 991 (2010); Timofeev A V, Kuyanov A Yu Plasma Phys. Rep. 36 931 (2010)
  163. Rax J-M, Robiche J, Fisch N J Phys. Plasmas 14 043102 (2007)
  164. Averin V G i dr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 48 66 (1978)
  165. Fetterman A J, Fisch N J Phys. Plasmas 18 103503 (2011)
  166. Amirov R Kh Trudy MFTI 6 (1) 136 (2014)
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions