Experimental and elementary theoretical work relevant to the electromagnetic and hadron excitation of the Δ isobar in nuclei is reviewed. The historical development of the notion of non-nucleon degrees of freedom, from the quasinucleon and the pion to quarks and gluons, is described, and the role of Δ excitations is discussed. Gamma, electron, proton, pion, and ion beam methodologies and detector and target designs are discussed. Preliminary suggestions about γ, e, p, π excitation mechanisms are made. Problem areas that need more research are highlighted, and trends for the future and prospective experiments are discussed.

PACS: 25.10.s, 24.30.Gd, 29.90.r DOI: 10.1070/PU1995v038n08ABEH000098 URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/1995/8/a/ A1995TF94900001 Citation: Mukhin K N, Patarakin O O "Δ isobar in nuclei (review of experimental data)" Phys. Usp. 38 803–844 (1995) BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks Оригинал: Мухин К Н, Патаракин О О «Дельта-изобара в ядрах (обзор экспериментальных данных)» УФН 165 841–886 (1995); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0165.199508a.0841