RSS feeds
РусскийEnglish
Issue 10, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

1995

 / 

June

←  →

Reviews of topical problems


Ecton or electron avalanche from metal


Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 53, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

The so-called explosive electron emission observed as individual packets or avalanches of electrons is shown to occur in microexplosions at the cathode. This microexplosion of electrons is called an ecton. Electron current in an ecton starts to flow as a result of the overheating of metal because of the high energy density (104 J g-1), and the current stops owing to the cooling of the emission zone. Ectons occur in electrical discharges in vacuum, in cathode spots of a vacuum arc, in bulk discharges in gases, in pseudo-spark discharges, in corona discharges, etc.

Fulltext pdf (731 KB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.1070/PU1995v038n06ABEH000089
PACS: 79.90.+b
DOI: 10.1070/PU1995v038n06ABEH000089
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/1995/6/a/
A1995RL93800001
Citation: Mesyats G A "Ecton or electron avalanche from metal" Phys. Usp. 38 567–590 (1995)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Оригинал: Месяц Г А «Эктон — лавина электронов из металла» УФН 165 601–626 (1995); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0165.199506a.0601

References (92) ↓ Cited by (133) Similar articles (20)

  1. Mesyats G A Pis’ma ZhETF 57 ((2)) 88 (1993); Mesyats G A JETP Lett. 57 95 (1993)
  2. Bugaev S P i dr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 37 2206 (1967); Bugaev S P, Iskol'dskii A M, Mesyats G A, Proskurovskii D I Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 12 1625 (1968)
  3. Mesyats G A "Issledovaniya po Generirovaniyu Nanosekundnyk h Impul'sov Bol'shoi Moshchnosti (Studies on the Generation of Powerful Nanosecond Pulses)" Doctorate dissertation (Tomsk: TPI, 1966)
  4. Mesyats G A, Proskurovskii D I Impul'snyi Elektricheskii Razryad V Vakuume (Pulse Electric Discharge In Vacuum) (Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1984)
  5. Rakhovskii V I Fizicheskie Osnovy Kommutatsii Elektricheskogo Toka V Vakuume (Physical Foundations Of Commutation Of Electric Current In Vacuum) (Moscow: Nauka, 1970)
  6. Kesaev I G Katodnye Protsessy Elektricheskoi Dugi (Processes At The Cathode In An Electric Arc) (Moscow: Nauka, 1968)
  7. Utsumi T, English J H J. Appl. Phys. 46 ((1)) 126 (1975)
  8. Kimblin C W J. Appl. Phys. 44 ((7)) 3074 (1973)
  9. Juttner B IEEE Trans. On Plasma Sci. 15 ((5)) 474 (1987)
  10. Burtsev V A, Kalinin N V, Luchinskii A V Elektricheskii Vzryv Provodnikov (Electrical Explosion Of Conductors) (Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1990)
  11. Fortov V E, Yakubov I T Neideal'naya Plazma (Nonideal Plasma) (Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1994)
  12. Kvartskhava I F, Plyutto A A, Chernov F P, Bondarenko V V Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 30 ((1)) 42 (1956); Kvartskhava I F, Plyutto A A, Chernov F P, Bondarenko V V Sov. Phys. JETP 3 40 (1956)
  13. Sedoi V S, Chemezova L I, Chernov A A, Kotov Yu A, Samatov O M Megagauss Fields And Pulsed Power Systems (New York: Nova Science, 1990)
  14. Mesyats V G Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 16 ((14)) 30 (1990); Mesyats V G Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 16 533 (1990)
  15. West R C (Ed.) Handbook Of Chemistry And Physics (Florida: CRC Press, 1989)
  16. Zel'dovich Ya B, Raizer Yu P Fizika Udarnykh Voln I Vysokotemperaturnyk H Gidrodinamicheskikh Yavlenii (Physics Of Shock Waves And High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena) (Moscow: Nauka, 1966)
  17. Vitkovitsky I M High Power Switching (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987)
  18. Little R P, Whitney W T J. Appl. Phys. 34 ((8)) 2430 (1963)
  19. Lozinskii Ya T Vysokotemperaturnaya Metallografiya (High-Temperature Metallography) (Moscow: Mashgiz, 1956)
  20. Myuller E V, Tson' T T Avtoionnaya Mikroskopiya (Autoion Microscopy) (Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1972)
  21. Shrednik K N Proceedings of the VI I International Vacuum Congress, Vienna (1977) p. 2455
  22. Slivkov I N Protsessy Pri Vysokom Napryazhenii V Vakuume (High-Voltage Processes In Vacuum) (Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1982)
  23. Nadgornyi E M, Osip'yan Yu A, Perkas M D, Rosenberg V M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 67 ((4)) 625 (1959); Nadgornyi E M, Osip'yan Yu A, Perkas M D, Rosenberg V M Sov. Phys. Usp. 2 282 (1959)
  24. Poshekhonova T A, Nosov A A Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 40 320 (1970); Poshekhonova T A, Nosov A A Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 15 233 (1970)
  25. Rohrbach F Sur Les Mecanismes Qui Conduisent A La Formation De L'Etincelle Electrique A Tres Haute Tension (Geneve: CERN 71–28, 1971)
  26. Allen N K, Cox B M, Latham R W J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys. 12 ((6)) 969 (1979)
  27. Cox B M J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys. 8 2065 (1975)
  28. Farrall G A, Owens M, Hudda F G J. Appl. Phys. 46 ((2)) 610 (1975)
  29. translated into Russian, Kaminski M Atomnye I Ionnye Sto Lknoveniya Na Poverkhnosti Metallov (Atomic And Ionic Collisions On The Surface Of Metals) (Moscow: Mir, 1967)
  30. translated into Russian, McDaniel I Protsessy Sto Lknoveniya V Ionizovannykh Gazakh (Collisions In Ionised Gases) (Moscow: Mir, 1967)
  31. Vorob'ev G A, Mukhachev V A Proboi Tonkikh Dielektr Icheskikh Plenok (Breakdown Of Thin Dielectric Films) (Moscow: Sov. Radio, 1977)
  32. translated into Russian, Gopra K L Elektricheskie Yavleniya V Tonkikh Plenkakh (Electric Phenomena In Thin Films) (Moscow: Mir, 1972)
  33. Budenstein P P, Haues P I J. Appl. Phys. 38 2837 (1967)
  34. Forlani F, Minnaja N Phys. Status Solidi. 4 ((2)) 311 (1964)
  35. Bugaev S P, Litvinov E A, Mesyats G A, Proskurovskii D I Usp. Fiz. Nauk 115 ((1)) 101 (1975); Bugaev S P, Litvinov E A, Mesyats G A, Proskurovskii D I Sov. Phys. Usp. 18 51 (1975)
  36. Dyke W P, Trolan J K, Martin E E, Barbour J P Phys. Rev. 5 ((4)) 1054 (1951)
  37. Fursei G N "Issledovanie Avtoelektronnoi Emissii v Ekstremal'no Sil'nykh Elektricheskikh Polyakh i v Usloviyakh Perekhoda k Vakuumnoi Duge (Study of Autoelectronic Emission in Extremely Strong Electric Fields and under Conditions of Transition to Vacuum Arc))" Dissertation (Novosibirsk: IFP, 1973)
  38. Tonks L Phys. Rev. 48 ((6)) 562 (1935)
  39. Pranevichyus L I, Bartashyus I Yu, Iglunas V I Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Fiz. (4) 4 (1969)
  40. Gabovich M, Poritskii V Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 33 ((6)) 320 (1981); Gabovich M, Poritskii V Sov. Phys. JETP 33 304 (1981)
  41. Elinson M I, Vasil'ev G F Avtoelektronnaya Emissiya (Autoelectronic Emission) (Moscow: GIFML, 1958)
  42. Fursei G N, Zhukov V M, Baskin L M Sil'notochnaya Emissionnaya Elektronika (High-Current Emission Electronics) (Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1984)
  43. Latham R V High Vacuum Insulation: The Physical Basis (New York: Academic Press, 1981)
  44. Bugaev S P, Mesyats G A Dokl Akad. Nauk SS SR 196 ((2)) 324 (1971); Bugaev S P, Mesyats G A Dokl Sov. Phys. Dokl. 16 41 (1971)
  45. Mesyats G A Generirovanie Moshchnykh Nanosekundnykh Impul'sov (Generation Of Powerful Nanosecond Pulses) (Moscow: Sov. Radio, 1974)
  46. Schachter L, Ivers J D, Nation J A, Kerslick G S J. Appl. Phys. 73 ((12)) 8097 (1992)
  47. Mesyats G A Proceedings of the XVI International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, Moscow-St. Petersburg, 23 May (1994) p. 419
  48. Puchkarev V F, Bochkarev M B J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys. 27 1214 (1994)
  49. Korolev Yu M, Mesyats G A Avtoemissionnye I Vzryvnye Protsessy V Gazovom Razryade (Autoemission And Explosion Processes In A Gas Discharge) (Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1982)
  50. Ready J F Effects Of High-Power Laser Radiation (New York: Academic Press, 1977)
  51. Wang X J, Tsang T, Kirk H, et al. Proceedings of the XV International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, Darmstadt (1992) p. 135
  52. Merl V Elektricheskii Kontakt (Electric Contact) (Moscow: GEI, 1962)
  53. Litvinov E A, Mesyats G A, Parfenov A G Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 279 ((4)) 864 (1984); Litvinov E A, Mesyats G A, Parfenov A G Sov. Phys. Dokl. 29 1019 (1984)
  54. Loskutov V V, Luchinskii A V, Mesyats G A Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 271 ((5)) 1120 (1983); Loskutov V V, Luchinskii A V, Mesyats G A Sov. Phys. Dokl. 28 654 (1983)
  55. translated into Russian, Webb F "Issledovanie Yavleniya Vzryva Provolochki pri Vremenakh menee 1 μs (Study of Explosion of a Wire over Times less than 1 μs)" Vzryvayushchiesya Provolochki (Exploding Wires) (Moscow: Inostr. Liter., 1983)
  56. Bushman A V, Leshkovich S P, Mesyats G A, Skvortsov V, Fortov V E Dokl. Akad. Nauk SS SR 312 ((6)) 1368 (1990); Bushman A V, Leshkovich S P, Mesyats G A, Skvortsov V, Fortov V E Sov. Phys. Dokl. 35 561 (1990)
  57. Basko M M "Uravneniya Odnomernoi Gidrodinamiki s Teploprovodnost'yu i Kinetikoi Termoyadernogo Goreniya (Equations of One-Dimensional Hydrodynamics with Consideration for Heat Conduction and Kinetics of Thermonuclear Burning))" Preprint ITEF, No. 145 (Moscow: ITEF, 1985)
  58. Bespalov I M, Polishchuk A Ya "Metodika Rascheta Transportnykh Koeffitsientov Plazmy v Shirokom Diapazone Parametrov (Computational Techniques for Transport Coefficients of Plasma in a Wide Range of Parameters)" Preprint IVTAN, No. 1–257 (Moscow: IVTAN, 1988)
  59. Bushman A V, Kanel' G I, Ni A L, Fortov V E "Teplofizika i Dinamika Kondensirovannykh Sred pri Intensivnykh Impul'snykh Vozdeistviyakh (Heat Physics and Dynamics of Condensed Media under Intensive Pulse Action)" (Chernogolovka, 1983)
  60. Belotserkovskii O M, Davydov Yu M Metod Krupnykh Chastits V Gazovoi Dinamike (Method Of Large Particles In Gas Dynamics) (Moscow: Nauka, 1982)
  61. Bertholf L D, Buxton L D, Thorne B J, et al. J. Appl. Phys. 46 ((9)) 3776 (1975)
  62. Zhukov V T "Chislennye Eksperimenty po Resheniyu Uravneniya Teploprovodnosti Metodom Lokal'nykh Iteratsii (Numerical Experiments on Solution of Heat Conduction Equation by the Method of Local Iterations)" Preprint IPM AN SSSR, No. 97 (Moscow: IPM, 1983)
  63. Silin V P Vvedenie V Kineticheskuyu Teoriyu Gazov (Introduction Into The Kinetic Theory Of Gases) (Moscow: Nauka, 1971)
  64. Parfenov A G "Nestatsionarnaya Model' Katodnykh i Prikatodnykh Protsessov v Vakuumnoi Duge (Unsteady Model of Processes at the Cathode and Near the Cathode in a Vacuum Arc)" Doctorate dissertation (Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch of RAS, 1992)
  65. Kolgatin S N, Khachatur'yants A V TVT 20 ((3)) 447 (1982)
  66. See Ref [58]
  67. Zinov'ev V E Teplofizicheskie Svoistva Metallov Pri Vysokoi Temperature (Thermal Properties Of Metals At High Temperature) (Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1989)
  68. Daalder J E J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys. 8 1647 (1975)
  69. Daalder J E IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst. 93 1747 (1974)
  70. Puchkarev V F, Murzakaev A M J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys. 23 ((1)) 26 (1990)
  71. Robson A E, Thoneman P C Proc. Phys. Soc. 73 508 (1959)
  72. McGracken, Scott P E Nuclear Fusion 19 ((7)) 889 (1979)
  73. Shwizke F, Taylor R J J. Nucl. Mater. ((93–94)) 780 (1980)
  74. Zykova N M, Nedospasov A V, Petrov V T TVT 21 ((4)) 778 (1983)
  75. Korolev Yu D, Mesyats G A Fizika Impul'snogo Proboya Gazov (Physics Of Pulsed Breakdown In Gases) (Moscow: Nauka, 1991)
  76. Bychkov Yu I, Korolev Yu D, Mesyats G A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 126 ((3)) 451 (1978); Bychkov Yu I, Korolev Yu D, Mesyats G A Sov. Phys. Usp. 21 944 (1978)
  77. Ecker G, Kroll W, Zoller O Phys. Fluids 7 ((12)) 2001 (1964)
  78. Tanberg R Phys. Rev. 35 1080 (1930)
  79. Jacob J, Mani S A Appl. Phys. Lett. 26 ((2)) 53 (1975)
  80. Gamdling W A, Edels H Nature (London) 177 ((9)) 1090 (1956)
  81. Boyle W S, Haworth F E Phys. Rev. 101 ((3)) 935 (1956)
  82. translated into Russian, Mick D, Crags D Elektricheskii Proboi V Gazakh (Electric Breakdown In Gases) (Moscow: Inostr. Lit., 1960)
  83. Gundersen M A, Schaefer G Physics And Application Of Pseudosparks (NATO ASI, Series B) (New York: Plenum, 1989)
  84. Mesyats G A, Puchkarev V F Proceedings of the XV International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Darmstadt, 1992) p. 488
  85. Holm R Electric Contacts (Stockholm, 1946)
  86. Llewellyn Jones F, Jones R H Z. Phys. B 147 45 (1957)
  87. Zolotykh B N "O Fizicheskoi Prirode Elektr oiskrovoi Obrabotki Metallov (On the Physical Nature of Electromachining of Metals)" Elektroiskrovaya Obrabotka Metallov (Electromachining Of Metals) (Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR, 1957) p. 38, No. 1
  88. Ushakov V Ya Impul'snyi Elektricheskii Proboi Zhidkostei (Pulsed Electric Breakdown In Fluids) (Tomsk: Izd. TGU, 1975)
  89. Vorob'ev A A, Vorob'ev G A Elektricheskii Proboi I Razrushenie Tverdykh Dielektrikov (Electrical Breakdown And Destruction Of Solid Dielectrics) (Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola, 1966)
  90. Korop E D, Plyutto A A Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 40 2534 (1970); Korop E D, Plyutto A A Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 15 1986 (1971)
  91. Razumikhin M A Erozionnaya Ustoichivost' Malomoshchnykh Kontaktov (Erosion Resistance Of Weak Contacts) (Moscow: Energiya, 1964)
  92. Mesyats G A Ektony (Ectons) (Ekaterinburg: Nauka, 1995)
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions