RSS feeds
ÐóññêèéEnglish
Issue 12, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

1986

 / 

March

←  →

Reviews of topical problems


Optogalvanic effect in plasmas and gases

 a, , ,
a Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 53, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

The status of optogalvanic (OG) spectroscopy, involving a change in the impedance of a gas or plasma, with tunable lasers is examined. The main advantage of this approach over the usual absorption spectroscopy is its high sensitivity. The OG effect in plasmas, glow discharges, hf discharges, hollow cathodes, obstructed discharges, neutral gases, etc., is studied. Optogalvanic studies of the spectra of both the ground and excited states of atoms and vibrational-rotational and electronic transitions in molecules, nonlinear spectroscopic phenomena, and interference of degenerate states and the use of the optogalvanic effect for stabilization of laser frequencies are described. A great deal of attention is given to the physical mechanisms involved in the formation of the OG signal. The possibilities for employing the optogalvanic effect in quantitative spectroscopy are evaluated.

Fulltext pdf (930 KB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.1070/PU1986v029n03ABEH003187
PACS: 52.70.Kz, 52.80.Hc, 33.20.Vq, 52.80.Pi, 32.80.Rm (all)
DOI: 10.1070/PU1986v029n03ABEH003187
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/1986/3/c/
Citation: Ochkin V N, Preobrazhenskii N G, Sobolev N N, Shaparev N Ya "Optogalvanic effect in plasmas and gases" Sov. Phys. Usp. 29 260–280 (1986)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Îðèãèíàë: Î÷êèí Â Í, Ïðåîáðàæåíñêèé Í Ã, Ñîáîëåâ Í Í, Øàïàðåâ Í ß «Îïòîãàëüâàíè÷åñêèé ýôôåêò â ïëàçìå è ãàçå» ÓÔÍ 148 473–507 (1986); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0148.198603c.0473

References (184) ↓ Cited by (30) Similar articles (20)

  1. N. Omenetto [Ed.] Analytic Laser Spectroscopy (Wiley, N. Y., 1979), [Russ. Transl., Mir, M., 1982]
  2. B. H. Rockney, T. A. Cool, and E. R. Grant Chem. Phys. Lett. 87 141 (1982)
  3. W. G. Mallard, J. H. Miller, and K. C. Smyth J. Chem. Phys. 76 3483 (1982)
  4. N. K. Za&ibreve;tsev and N. Ya. Shaparev Preprints (Institute of Physics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 1982) p. No. 207-209F
  5. P. D. Foote and F. L. Mohler Phys. Rev. 26 195 (1925)
  6. F. M. Penning Physica 8 137 (1928)
  7. C. Kenty Phys. Rev. 80 95 (1950)
  8. K. W. Meissner and W. F. Miller Ibid. 92 896 (1953)
  9. Yu. Z. Ionikh, N. P. Penkin, and A. V. Samson Vestn. LGU, Ser. Fiz., Khim. 4 ((1)) 51 (1976)
  10. C. B. Collins, B. W. Johnson, D. Popescu, G. Musa, M. L. Pascu, and I. Popescu Phys. Rev. A 8 2197 (1973)
  11. D. Popescu, M. L. Pascu, C. B. Collins, B. W. Johnson, and I. Popescu Ibid. 1666
  12. R. B. Green, R. A. Keller, G. G. Luther, P. K. Shenk, and J. C. Travis Appl. Phys. Lett. 29 727 (1976); R. B. Green, R. A. Keller, G. G. Luther, P. K. Shenk, and J. C. Travis J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 68 1517 (1976)
  13. W. B. Bridjes J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 352 (1978)
  14. N. K. Za&ibreve;tsev and N. Ya. Shaparev "Inventor’s Certificate No. 678948 (USSR, 1977)" Byull. Izobr. 29 283 (1981)
  15. R. Vasudev and R. N. Zare J. Chem. Phys. 76 5267 (1982)
  16. S. A. M. Al-Chalabi, R. S. Stewart, R. Illingvorth, and I. S. Ruddock J. Phys. D 16 115 (1983)
  17. D. J. Jackson, E. Arimondo, J. E. Lawler, and T. W. Hansh Opt. Commun. 33 51 (1980)
  18. R. C. Webster and R. T. Mensies J. Chem. Phys. 78 2121 (1983)
  19. J. E. M. Goldsmyth Ibid. 1610
  20. L. Ph. Roesh Opt. Commun. 44 259 (1983)
  21. T. F. Johnston Laser Focus 14 58 (1978)
  22. R. C. Webster and C. T. Rettner Ibid. 19 41 (1983)
  23. J. E. M. Goldsmyth and J. E. Lawler Contemp. Phys. 22 235 (1981)
  24. R. C. Webster Rev. Sci. Instr. 54 1454 (1983)
  25. V. L. Granovski&ibreve; Élektricheski&ibreve; Tok V Gaze (Flow Of Electric Current In Gases) (Nauka, Moscow, 1971)
  26. D. M. Pepper IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-11 971 (1978)
  27. M. Maeda, Y. Moniyama, and Y. Miyazoe Opt. Commun. 39 64 (1981)
  28. J. E. Lawler Phys. Rev. A 22 1025 (1980)
  29. D. K. Doughty and J. E. Lawler Ibid. A 28 773 (1983)
  30. N. Ya. Shaparev, N. K. Za&ibreve;tsev, and V. A. Pushkarev Preprint No. 274F (1984), L. V. Kirenski&ibreve; Institute of Physics, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk
  31. A. H. von Engel Ionized Gases (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1955), [Russ. Transl., Inostr. Lit., M., 1959, p. 244]
  32. D. K. Doughty and J. E. Lawler Appl. Phys. Lett. 42 234 (1983)
  33. E. F. Zalewski, R. A. Keller, and R. Engelman J. Chem. Phys. 70 1015 (1979)
  34. R. Walkup, R. W. Dreufus, and Ph. Avouris Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 1846 (1983)
  35. G. Erez, S. Lavi, and E. Miron IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 15 1328 (1979)
  36. R. Shuker, A. Ben-Amar, and G. Erez Opt. Commun. 42 1982 (1982); R. Shuker, A. Ben-Amar, and G. Erez J. De Phys. 44 C7-35 (1983)
  37. A. Ben-Amar, G. Frez, and R. Shuker J. Appl. Phys. 54 3688 (1983)
  38. C. Dreze, Y. Demers, and J. M. Gagne J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72 912 (1982)
  39. J. M. Gagne, Y. Demers, P. Pianarosa, and C. Dreze J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-355 (1983)
  40. R. A. Keller, B. E. Warner, E. F. Zalewski, P. Dyer, R. Engleman Jr., and B. A. Palmer Ibid. C7-23
  41. K. C. Smyth, R. A. Keller, and E. F. Crim Chem. Phys. Lett. 55 473 (1978)
  42. N. S. Kopeika Appl. Opt. 21 3989 (1982)
  43. R. A. Keller and E. F. Zalewski Ibid. 19 3301 (1980)
  44. C. Stanciulescu, R. Bobulescu, A. Surmeian, D. Popescu, I. Popescu, and C. B. Collins Appl. Phys. Lett. 37 888 (1980)
  45. T. Suzuki and M. Kakimoto J. Mol. Spectr. 93 423 (1982)
  46. T. Suzuki Opt. Commun. 38 364 (1981)
  47. P. Camus J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-87 (1983)
  48. A. E. Bulyshev and N. G. Preobrazhensky XII SPIG-84: Contributed Papers (Sibenik, Yugoslavia, 1984) p. 481
  49. A. E. Bulyshev and N. G. Preobrazhenski&ibreve; Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 279 1357 (1984); A. E. Bulyshev and N. G. Preobrazhenski&ibreve; Sov. Phys. Dokl. 29 1034 (1984)
  50. B. B. Henriksen, D. R. Keefer, and M. H. Clarkson J. Appl. Phys. 42 5460 (1971)
  51. M. A. Nippolt and R. B. Green Appl. Opt. 20 3206 (1981)
  52. E. F. Zalewski, R. A. Keller, and C. T. Apel Ibid. 1584
  53. O. A. Novodvorski&ibreve; "Mechanisms Of Ionization And Formation Of An Optogalvanic Signal In A Flame Accompanying Interaction With Resonance Radiation," (Moscow State University, Moscow, 1984), Author’s Abstract of Candidate’s Dissertation
  54. A. S. Gonchakov, N. B. Zorov, Yu. Ya. Kuzyakov, and O. I. Matveev Anal. Lett. 12 1037, 179; A. S. Gonchakov, N. B. Zorov, Yu. Ya. Kuzyakov, and O. I. Matveev Zh. Anal. Khim. 37 520 (1982)
  55. P. K. Schenk, J. C. Travis, and G. C. Turk J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-75 (1983); P. K. Schenk, J. C. Travis, and G. C. Turk Progr. Anal. Atom. Spectr. 7 241 (1984)
  56. Th. Berthoud, N. Drin, J. Lipinsky, and P. Camus J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C4-67 (1983)
  57. T. Berglin and L. Casparsson Ibid. 329
  58. K. C. Smyth and W. G. Mallard J. Chem. Phys. 77 1779 (1982)
  59. O. A. Novodvorski&ibreve;, N. B. Zorov, Yu. Ya. Kuzyakov, and A. P. Palivoda In: Abstracts of Reports at the 19th All-Union Conference on Spectroscopy Vol. Vol. 5 (Tomsk, 1983) p. 17
  60. I. M. Beterov and N. N. Fateev J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-487 (1983)
  61. G. Hertz Z. Phys. 18 307 (1923)
  62. K. H. Kingdon Phys. Rev. 21 408 (1923)
  63. D. Popescu, I. Popescu, and J. Richter Z. Phys. 226 160 (1969)
  64. B. M. Smirnov Vozbuzhdennye Atomy (Excited Atoms) (Energoizdat, M., 1982)
  65. K. C. Harvey Rev. Sci. Instr. 52 104 (1981)
  66. R. Beigang and A. Timmerman J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-137 (1983)
  67. K. Niemax and C. J. Lorenzen Opt. Commun. 44 165 (1983)
  68. S. Moffat and A. L. S. Smith Ibid. 37 119 (1981)
  69. S. Moffat and A. L. S. Smith J. Phys. D 17 59 (1984)
  70. R. E. Munchausen, R. D. May, and G. W. Hill Opt. Commun. 48 317 (1984)
  71. N. K. Za&ibreve;tsev and N. Ya. Shaparev Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 55 210 (1985); N. K. Za&ibreve;tsev and N. Ya. Shaparev Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 30 122 (1985)
  72. R. Nowicki and J. Pienkowski J. Phys. D 15 1165 (1982)
  73. A. L. S. Smith and S. Moffat Ibid. 17 71 (1984)
  74. E. Arimondo, M. G. DiVito, and M. Inguscio J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-267 (1983)
  75. E. M. Van Veldhuisen The Hollow Cathode Glow Discharge Analyzed by Optogalvanic and Other Studies: Thesis (Eindhoven, 1983)
  76. S. N. Atutov, I. M. Ermolaev, and A. M. Shalagin Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 40 374 (1984); S. N. Atutov, I. M. Ermolaev, and A. M. Shalagin JETP Lett. 40 1185 (1984)
  77. F. Kh. Gel’mukhanov and A. M. Shalagin Kvant. Elektron. 8 590 (1981); F. Kh. Gel’mukhanov and A. M. Shalagin Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 11 357 (1981)
  78. A. I. Parkhomenko and V. E. Prokop’ev Opt. Spektrosk. 53 1000 (1982), [Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 53, 597 (1982)
  79. V. S. Letokhov and V. P. Chebotaev Printsipy Neline&ibreve;no&ibreve; Lazerno&ibreve; Spektroskopii (Principles Of Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy) (Nauka, M., 1975)
  80. J. E. M. Goldsmyth, A. I. Ferguson, J. E. Lawler, and A. L. Shawlow Opt. Lett. 4 230 (1979)
  81. C. J. Lorenzen, K. H. Weber, and K. Niemax Opt. Commun. 33 271 (1980)
  82. K. Niemax Acta Phys. Pol. A 61 517 (1982)
  83. J. E. Lawler, A. I. Ferguson, J. E. M. Goldsmyth, D. J. Jackson, and A. L. Shawlow Phys. Rev. Lett. 42 1046 (1979)
  84. T. W. Hansch, D. R. Lyons, A. L. Shawlow et al Opt. Commun. 38 47 (1981)
  85. C. Wieman and T. W. Hansch Phys. Rev. Lett. 36 1170 (1976)
  86. R. E. Teets, F. V. Kowalski, W. T. Hill et al Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 113 80 (1977)
  87. Ph. Dabkiewicz and T. W. Hansch Opt. Commun. 38 351 (1981)
  88. L. Julien and M. Pinard J. Phys. B 15 2881 (1982)
  89. M. Pinard and L. Julien J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-129 (1983)
  90. D. R. Lyons, A. L. Schawlow, and G. Y. Yan Opt. Commun. 38 35 (1981)
  91. Ch. Belfrage, P. Grafstrom, S. Kroll, and S. Svanberg J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-169 (1983)
  92. G. W. Series Comm. At. Mol. Phys. 10 199 (1981)
  93. L. R. Pendrill, M. Pettersson, and U. Osterberg J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-489 (1983)
  94. J. N. Dodd J. Phys. B 16 2721 (1983)
  95. F. Strumia J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-117 (1983)
  96. P. Hannaford, D. S. Gough, and G. W. Series Ibid. C7-107
  97. M. P. Chaika Opt. Spektrosk. 39 1015 (1975); M. P. Chaika Opt. Spektrosk. 40 628 (1976); M. P. Chaika Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 39 582 (1975); M. P. Chaika Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 40 359 (1976); N. G. Preobrazhenski&ibreve; and A. E. Suvorov ""Hanle effect in a semitransparent gas,"" Preprint No. 2-78 (Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 1978)
  98. G. C. Turk, J. C. Travis, J. R. DeVoe, and T. C. O’Haver Analyt. Chem. 51 1890 (1979)
  99. J. E. M. Goldsmyth Opt. Lett. 7 437 (1982)
  100. G. C. Turk, W. G. Mallard, P. K. Schenk, and K. C. Smyth Analyt. Chem. 51 2408 (1979)
  101. P. Camus, M. Dieulin, A. E. Himdly, and M. Aymar Phys. Scripta 27 125 (1983)
  102. C. R. Vidal Opt. Lett. 5 158 (1980)
  103. K. Miyazaki, H. Scheingraber, and C. R. Vidal Phys. Rev. A 28 2229 (1983)
  104. C. Hameau, J. Wascat, D. Dangoisse, and P. Glorieux Opt. Commun. 49 423 (1984)
  105. S. A. Brunker and S. C. Haydon J. De Phys. 44 C7-55 (1983)
  106. J. E. M. Goldsmyth Ibid. C7-87
  107. A. E. Bulyshev and N. G. Preobrazhenski&ibreve; All-Union Symposium On Computational Tomography (Computing Center and Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 1983) p. 16
  108. V. V. Pikalov and N. G. Preobrazhenski&ibreve; Usp. Fiz. Nauk 141 469 (1983), [Sov. Phys. Usp. 26, 974 (1983)]
  109. V. V. Pikalov and N. G. Preobrazhenski&ibreve; Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz. 48 1289 (1984), [Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR Phys. Ser. 48 (7), 40 (1984)].
  110. C. J. Lorenzen, K. Niemax, and L. R. Pendrill Opt. Commun. 39 271 (1980)
  111. K. Niemax and L. R. Pendrill J. Phys. B 13 461 (1980)
  112. L. R. Pendrill and K. Niemax Ibid. 15 147 (1982)
  113. C. J. Lorenzen and K. Niemax Phys. Scripta 27 300 (1983)
  114. C. J. Lorenzen and K. Niemax J. Phys. B 15 139 (1982)
  115. K. Niemax Appl. Phys. B 32 59 (1983)
  116. C. J. Lorenzen and K. Niemax Z. Phys. K1. A311 249 (1983)
  117. C. J. Lorenzen and K. Niemax Opt. Commun. 43 26 (1982)
  118. R. A. Keller, R. Engleman, and E. F. Zalewski J. Opt. Soc. Am. 69 738 (1979)
  119. P. Pianarosa, Y. Demers, and J. M. Gagne J. Opt. Soc. Am. B1 704 (1984)
  120. H. Rinneberg and J. Neukammer J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-177 (1983)
  121. F. Penent, C. Chardonnet, D. Delande, F. Biraben, and J. C. Gay Ibid. C7-193
  122. J. P. Lemoigne, J. P. Grandin, X. Husson, and H. Kucal Ibid. C7-209
  123. C. B. Collins Ibid C7-395
  124. C. B. Collins, S. M. Curry, B. W. Johnson, M. Y. Mirza, M. A. Chellechmalzadeh, J. A. Anderson, D. Popescu, and I. Popescu Phys. Rev. A14 1662 (1976)
  125. M. Y. Mirza and W. W. Duley Proc. R. Soc. London A 364 255 (1978)
  126. M. Y. Mirza and W. W. Duley Opt. Commun. 28 179 (1979)
  127. M. A. Chellechmalzadeh and C. B. Collins Phys. Rev. A 19 2270 (1979)
  128. C. B. Collins, F. W. Lee, H. Golbani, F. Davanloo, P. A. Vicharelli, D. Popescu, and I. Popescu J. Chem. Phys. 85 1105 (1981)
  129. P. K. Schenk, W. G. Mallard, J. C. Travis, and K. C. Smyth J. Chem. Phys. 69 5147 (1978)
  130. D. Feldman Opt. Commun. 29 67, 179
  131. T. Suzuki Ibid. 38 364 (1981)
  132. C. T. Rettner, C. R. Webster, and R. N. Zare J. Phys. Chem. 85 1105 (1981)
  133. I. M. Beterov and N. V. Fateev Opt. Commun. 40 425 (1982)
  134. C. Demuynck and J. L. Destombes IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 17 575 (1981)
  135. I. M. Beterov and N. V. Fateev Opt. Spektrosk. 54 978 (1983), [Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 54, 580 (1983)]
  136. J. Pfaff, M. Begemann, and R. J. Saykally Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 27 11 (1982)
  137. Yu-Min Wang, Zhen-xing Gui, and Shun-yi Zhang Chinese Phys. 2 799 (1982)
  138. M. C. Scolnick IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 6 139 (1970)
  139. A. L. S. Smith and S. Moffat Opt. Commun. 30 213 (1979)
  140. M. J. Kavaya, R. T. Mensies, and U. P. Oppenheim IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-18 19 (1982)
  141. W. E. Bell and A. L. Bloom J. Appl. Phys. 32 906 (1961)
  142. A. C. Tam IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 10 252 (1982)
  143. O. I. Matveev, N. B. Zorog, and Yu. Ya. Kuzyakov Talanta 27 907 (1980)
  144. D. Apostol and C. Blanary Rev. Roum. Phys. 27 581 (1982)
  145. A. Sasaki, S. Usimaru, and T. Hayashi Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 24 593 (1984)
  146. Laser Frequency Stabilizer, Laser Focus 19 147 (1983)
  147. G. D. Lobov, V. V. Shtykov, V. I. Bogatkin, and L. V. Drugov Radiotekh. Elektron. 17 ((6)) 1247 (1972), [Radio Eng. Electron. (USSR) 17, 968 (1972)].
  148. R. B. Green, R. A. Keller, G. G. Luther, P. K. Schenk, and J. C. Travis IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-13 63 (1977)
  149. V. S. Burakov, A. A. Gvozdev, P. Ya. Misakov, P. A. Naumenko, and S. N. Ra&ibreve;kov, In: Ref. 59, Vol. 1, p. 271.
  150. C. A. Hamer and J. P. Spoonhower Appl. Spectr. 38 212 (1984)
  151. D. C. King, P. K. Schenk, K. C. Smyth, and J. C. Travis Appl. Opt. 16 2617 (1977)
  152. R. A. Keller, R. E. Engleman, and B. A. Palmer Ibid. 21 1468 (1982)
  153. J. R. Nestor J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-387 (1983)
  154. C. R. Webster Appl. Opt. 21 2298 (1982)
  155. A. Ben-Amar, R. Shuker, and G. Erez Appl. Phys. Lett. 38 763 (1981)
  156. S. Avriller and J. P. Sherman Opt. Commun. 19 87 (1976)
  157. I. M. Beterov and N. V. Fateev Lazernye Sistemy (Laser Systems) (Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 1982) p. 121
  158. I. M. Beterov, V. A. Kurochkin, and N. V. Fateev Zh. Khim. Fiz. 1 957 (1982)
  159. J. C. White, R. R. Freeman, and P. F. Liao Opt. Lett. 5 120 (1980)
  160. K. H. Weber and K. Niemax Z. Phys. K1. A307 13 (1982), A309, 19 (1982).
  161. K. Niemax Appl. Phys. B 32 59 (1983)
  162. R. A. Zhitnikov Abstracts of Review Reports at the 6th All-Union Conference on Low-Temperature Plasma Physics (Leningrad, 1983) p. 83
  163. F. O. Shimizu, K. Sasaki, and K. Ueda Japan, J. Appl. Phys. 22 1144 (1983)
  164. R. Klein, P. McGinnis, and R. Leone Chem. Phys. Lett. 100 475 (1983)
  165. H. A. Bachor, P. J. Manson, and R. J. Sandeman Opt. Commun. 43 337 (1982)
  166. H. O. Behrens and G. H. Guthohrlein J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-149 (1983)
  167. D. K. Otorbaev, V. N. Ochkin, N. G. Preobrazhenski&ibreve;, S. Yu. Savinov, A. I. Sidel’nikov, and N. N. Sobolev Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 81 1626 (1981); D. K. Otorbaev, V. N. Ochkin, N. G. Preobrazhenski&ibreve;, S. Yu. Savinov, A. I. Sidel’nikov, and N. N. Sobolev Sov. Phys. JETP 54 865 (1981)
  168. R. B. Green, R. A. Keller, P. K. Schenk, J. C. Travis, and G. C. Luther J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 98 1517 (1976)
  169. P. K. Schenk and K. C. Smyth J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 626 (1978)
  170. C. A. van Dijk, P. J. Th. Seegers, G. Nienhuis, and C. Th. Alcemade J. Quantit. Spectr. Rad. Transfer. 20 55 (1978)
  171. Yu. Ya. Kuzyakov, N. B. Zorov, V. I. Chaplygin, and O. A. Novodvorsky J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-335 (1983)
  172. G. C. Turk, J. C. Travis, and J. R. de Voe Ibid. C7-301
  173. J. C. Travis, G. C. Turk, and R. B. Green Analyt. Chem. 54 1006 (1982)
  174. Th. Berthoud, P. Camus, N. Drin, and J. L. Stehle J. Phys. (Paris) 44 C7-389 (1983)
  175. V. I. Chaplygin "Laser Atomic-ionization Method For Determining Traces Of Potassium, Rubidium, And Cesium With Atomization Of The Sample In A Flame," (Moscow State University, M., 1984), Author’s Abstract of Candidate’s Dissertation
  176. M. Kushner Appl. Opt. 22 1970 (1983)
  177. N. Ya. Shaparev Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 49 2229 (1979); N. Ya. Shaparev Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 24 1230 (1979)
  178. Sh. M. Kogan and T. M. Lifshits Phys. Status Solidi A 29 11 (1977)
  179. R. B’yub Fotoprovodimost’ Tverdykh Tel (Photoconductivity Of Solids) (Fizmatgiz, M., 1962)
  180. N. S. Kopeika and J. Rosenbaum IEEE Trans. PS-4 51 (1976)
  181. N. S. Kopeìka Ibid. PS-6 261 (1978)
  182. V. I. Balykin, G. I. Bekov, V. S. Letokhov, and V. I. Mishin Usp. Fiz. Nauk 132 293 (1980), [Sov. Phys. Usp. 23, 651 (1980)].
  183. V. S. Antonov, V. S. Letokhov, and A. N. Shibanov Usp. Fiz. Nauk 142 177 (1984), [Sov. Phys. Usp. 27, 81 (1984)].
  184. V. S. Letokhov Priroda 2 15 (1985)
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions