RSS feeds
РусскийEnglish
Issue 12, 2025
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

1978

 / 

August

←  →

Reviews of topical problems


The cathode spot of a vacuum arc

,

In this review we analyze the current state of experiments and theory relating to the cathode spot of a vacuum arc. We discuss technical features of the experimental study of the near-cathode region of a vacuum arc with high time and space resolution. We discuss in detail the experimental data on such basic parameters characterizing the cathode spot as velocity, nature of motion, and lifetime of the spot, the current to the spot, current density, cathode fall, charge-transfer coefficient, vapor-jet velocity, charged-particle concentration, and electron temperature. We evaluate the reliability of the results obtained by various authors. A classification of cathode spots is proposed, and conditions for the existence of various types of spots and the behavior in the transition from one type to another are described. On the basis of the experimental data considered, we propose the explosive and diffusion models which provide qualitative and sometimes quantitative descriptions of cathode spots of various types.

Fulltext pdf (2.8 MB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.1070/PU1978v021n08ABEH005674
PACS: 52.80.Mg, 52.80.Vp (all)
DOI: 10.1070/PU1978v021n08ABEH005674
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/1978/8/c/
Citation: Lyubimov G A, Rakhovskii V I "The cathode spot of a vacuum arc" Sov. Phys. Usp. 21 693–718 (1978)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Оригинал: Любимов Г А, Раховский В И «Катодное пятно вакуумной дуги» УФН 125 665–706 (1978); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0125.197808c.0665

Cited by (163) ↓ Similar articles (20)

  1. Maksimov A D, Azarkevich E I et al Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. Phys. 89 (10) 1941 (2025)
  2. Zaleski V G, Volochko A T et al Surf. Engin. Appl.Electrochem. 61 (4) 506 (2025)
  3. Song M, Zhang H et al Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 33 (10) 105009 (2024)
  4. Karlina A I, Balanovskiy A E et al Applied Sciences 14 (21) 9774 (2024)
  5. Maksimov A D, Azarkevich E I et al Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. Phys. 87 (S2) S274 (2023)
  6. Vasyliev V V, Strel’nitskij V E Problems of Atomic Science and Technology 92 (2023)
  7. Song M, Zhou Q et al Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 32 (9) 095002 (2023)
  8. Shibkov V M, Kornev K N et al Plasma Phys. Rep. 48 (7) 806 (2022)
  9. Markov G V, Volochko A T et al Vescì Akademìì Navuk Belarusì. Seryâ Fizika-tehničnyh Navuk 66 (4) 391 (2021)
  10. Bogomaz A A, Pinchuk M E et al J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1787 (1) 012058 (2021)
  11. Muzyukin I L, Mikhailov P S J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2064 (1) 012015 (2021)
  12. Davydov S G, Dolgov A N et al J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2059 (1) 012006 (2021)
  13. Zöhrer S, Golizadeh M et al Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 29 (2) 025022 (2020)
  14. Balanovsky A E, Gozbenko V E et al IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 759 (1) 012002 (2020)
  15. Ushakov A V, Karpov I V et al Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res. 11 (4) 757 (2020)
  16. Zhang T, Chang L et al Contributions To Plasma Physics 60 (3) (2020)
  17. Cherednichenko A V, Zuev S P, Serikov V A IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 560 (1) 012122 (2019)
  18. Phan L H, Tashiro Sh et al J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 52 (26) 26LT02 (2019)
  19. Smolanov N A J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1281 (1) 012078 (2019)
  20. Balanovskii A E High Temp 57 (6) 784 (2019)
  21. Tezenas du Montcel Benoit, Chapelle P et al IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 47 (5) 2765 (2019)
  22. Balanovskii A E High Temp 57 (1) 8 (2019)
  23. Ramírez-Ramírez S, Sabogal-Suárez D A et al DYNA 85 (204) 76 (2018)
  24. Smolanov N A J. Synch. Investig. 12 (3) 593 (2018)
  25. Balanovskii A E High Temp 56 (1) 1 (2018)
  26. Smolanov N A J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 857 012043 (2017)
  27. Panarin V Y, Svavil’ny N Y, Khominich A I Journal Of Materials Research And Technology 6 (3) 284 (2017)
  28. Smolanov N A J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 669 012055 (2016)
  29. Zhirkov I, Petruhins A, Rosen J Surface And Coatings Technology 281 20 (2015)
  30. Tanaka K, Han L et al Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24 (4) 045010 (2015)
  31. Dutova O, Domarov P, Oschepkova T AMM 792 482 (2015)
  32. Petkov N, Bahchedzhiev H, Cholakova T Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 70 (3) 30801 (2015)
  33. Zverev V I, Asiunin V I et al Phys. Scr. T161 014073 (2014)
  34. Chaly A M, Barinov Yu A et al IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 41 (8) 1917 (2013)
  35. Tsventoukh M M, Barengolts S A et al Tech. Phys. Lett. 39 (11) 933 (2013)
  36. Mesyats G A IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 41 (4) 676 (2013)
  37. Imaging Gaseous Detectors and Their Applications 1 (2013) p. 251
  38. Smolanov N A, Pankin N A J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 479 012012 (2013)
  39. Imaging Gaseous Detectors and Their Applications 1 (2013) p. 161
  40. Bobashev S V, Mende N P et al Tech. Phys. 57 (12) 1637 (2012)
  41. Pashchina A, Chinnov V et al 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, (2012)
  42. Chaly A M, Barinov Yu A et al 2012 25th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV), (2012) p. 349
  43. Sanchette F, Ducros C et al Surface And Coatings Technology 205 (23-24) 5444 (2011)
  44. Ling Ju, Boswell R W et al IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 39 (8) 1652 (2011)
  45. Vayner B, Ferguson D, Galofaro J 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, (2009)
  46. Korenyugin D G, Martsinovsky A M, Orlov K E Tech. Phys. Lett. 35 (10) 944 (2009)
  47. Proskurovsky D I 2008 23rd International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, (2008) p. 1
  48. Anders A Springer Series On Atomic, Optical, And Plasma Physics Vol. Cathodic ArcsThe Physics of Cathode Processes50 Chapter 3 (2008) p. 75
  49. Helmersson U, Lattemann M et al Thin Solid Films 513 (1-2) 1 (2006)
  50. Batrakov A 2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, (2006) p. 358
  51. Anders A IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 33 (5) 1456 (2005)
  52. Vol. XXIst International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, 2004. Proceedings. ISDEIV.Cathodic are spots: Ignition probability as a a fundamental concept to describe spot types, phases, and motionAndre Anders1 (2004) p. 152
  53. Chapelle P, El M H et al J Mater Sci 39 (24) 7145 (2004)
  54. Schein J, Keidar M 40th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, (2004)
  55. Batrakov A, Popov S et al IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 31 (5) 817 (2003)
  56. Hantzsche E IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 31 (5) 799 (2003)
  57. Pozharov S L J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35 (24) 3207 (2002)
  58. Mesyats G A, Barengol’ts S A Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk 172 (10) 1113 (2002)
  59. Chapelle P, Bellot J P et al J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35 (2) 137 (2002)
  60. Bogomaz A A, Budin A V et al Tech. Phys. 47 (1) 26 (2002)
  61. Fedun V I, Bulanchuk O N, Kolyada Yu E 20th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, (2002) p. 607
  62. Batrakov A V, Jüttner B J et al Jetp Lett. 75 (2) 76 (2002)
  63. Benilov M S Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 11 (3A) A49 (2002)
  64. Markov G V Journal Of Engineering Physics And Thermophysics 75 (1) 229 (2002)
  65. Markov G V Journal Of Engineering Physics And Thermophysics 75 (5) 1219 (2002)
  66. Shmal’ko Yu F, Solovei V V et al Materials Science 37 (5) 689 (2001)
  67. Benilov M S IEEE Trans. On Ind. Applicat. 37 (4) 986 (2001)
  68. Vol. Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)Characteristics of pseudospark devices with electrodes containing LaB/sub 6/A.I.KuzmichevV.I.KryzhanovskyD.V.Bochkov1 (2000) p. 343
  69. Vol. Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)On the role of nonmetal inclusions at the cathode surface in the initiation and self-sustaining of a vacuum dischargeS.A.BarengoltsYu.A.Barengolts1 (2000) p. 60
  70. Vol. Conference Record of the 2000 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Fifth IAS Annual Meeting and World Conference on Industrial Applications of Electrical Energy (Cat. No.00CH37129)Near-electrode phenomena in HID lampsM.S.Benilov5 (2000) p. 3301
  71. Vogel N IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 27 (4) 864 (1999)
  72. Vol. Proceedings ISDEIV. 18th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.98CH36073)Investigations of vacuum arc cathode spots with high temporal and spatial resolutionM.B.BochkarevA.M.Murzakaev1 (1998) p. 244
  73. Benilov M S Phys. Scr. 58 (4) 383 (1998)
  74. Brown I G Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 28 (1) 243 (1998)
  75. Pozharov S L, Mirkarimov A M, Soldatov I V Tech. Phys. 43 (11) 1323 (1998)
  76. Rogozin A F, Fontana R P IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 25 (4) 680 (1997)
  77. Vogel N, Skvortsov V A IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 25 (4) 553 (1997)
  78. He Zh-Ju, Haug R J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30 (4) 603 (1997)
  79. Vinogradov P, Dmitriev Yu n, Romanenko V E Electromagnetics 17 (6) 563 (1997)
  80. Boxman R L, Goldsmith S, Greenwood A IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 25 (6) 1174 (1997)
  81. Vol. Proceedings of 17th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in VacuumNoise measurements of vacuum arc cathode spot lifetimeM.B.Bochkarev1 (1996) p. 151
  82. Puchkarev V F Handbook of Vacuum Arc Science and Technology (1996) p. 256
  83. Vol. Proceedings of 17th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in VacuumRole of the magnetic field in the cathode region during vacuum arc operationV.N.ZhitomirskyB.AltcrkopU.KinrotR.BoxmanS.Goldsmith2 (1996) p. 876
  84. Vol. Proceedings of 17th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in VacuumRussian vacuum circuit breakers for electrical networksA.M.ChalyS.P.ChistjakovV.I.RakhovskyY.P.Romotchkin2 (1996) p. 1051
  85. Vol. Proceedings of 17th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in VacuumPlasma parameters within the cathode spot of laser-induced vacuum arcs: experimental and theoretical investigationsN.VogelV.Skvortsov1 (1996) p. 89
  86. Vol. Proceedings of 17th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in VacuumElectron emission at superhigh current densitiesA.F.NastoyashchiiI.N.MorozovN.B.Rodionov2 (1996) p. 774
  87. Kang G H, Uchida H, Koh E S Surface And Coatings Technology 86-87 421 (1996)
  88. Vol. Proceedings of 17th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in VacuumReactive gas-controlled arc processA.F.RogozinR.P.Fontana2 (1996) p. 957
  89. Rozhanskij V A, Ushakov A A, Voskobojnikov S P Nucl. Fusion 36 (2) 191 (1996)
  90. Krinberg I A, Lukovnikova M P J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29 (11) 2901 (1996)
  91. Hantzsche E, Juttner B, Ziegenhagen G IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 23 (1) 55 (1995)
  92. Vorob’ev V S, Goncharova I Yu et al Meas Tech 38 (5) 561 (1995)
  93. Bolotov A, Kozyrev A, Korolev Y IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 23 (6) 884 (1995)
  94. Benilov M S, Marotta A J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 28 (9) 1869 (1995)
  95. Puchkarev V F, Bochkarev M B J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 27 (6) 1214 (1994)
  96. Benilov M S Phys. Rev. E 48 (1) 506 (1993)
  97. Vogel N J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 26 (10) 1655 (1993)
  98. Tsuruta K, Yamazaki N IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 21 (5) 426 (1993)
  99. Aksel’rod A Z, Popov E A J Eng Phys Thermophys 62 (1) 94 (1992)
  100. Nemirovskii A Z, Puchkarev V F J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 25 (5) 798 (1992)
  101. Anders A, Anders S et al IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 20 (4) 466 (1992)
  102. Dyuzhev G A, Shkol’nik S M J Eng Phys Thermophys 62 (5) 525 (1992)
  103. Tsuruta K, Suzuki K, Kunitsu K IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 20 (2) 99 (1992)
  104. Luban R B, Verkhovodov P A et al Powder Metall Met Ceram 31 (1) 38 (1992)
  105. Puchkarev V F, Chesnokov S M J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 25 (12) 1760 (1992)
  106. Anders A, Anders S et al Journal of Applied Physics 71 (10) 4763 (1992)
  107. Raizer Yu P, Allen J E Gas Discharge Physics Chapter 10 (1991) p. 245
  108. Vogel N, Juttner B J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 24 (6) 922 (1991)
  109. Randhawa H Thin Solid Films 196 (2) 329 (1991)
  110. Anders S, Anders A IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 19 (1) 20 (1991)
  111. Miller H C IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 26 (5) 949 (1991)
  112. Brown I G, Dickinson M R et al J. Mater. Eng. 13 (3) 217 (1991)
  113. JOHNSON PHILIP C Thin Film Processes (1991) p. 209
  114. Miller H C, Kutzner J Contrib. Plasma Phys. 31 (3) 261 (1991)
  115. Vyskočil J, Musil J Surface And Coatings Technology 43-44 299 (1990)
  116. Karpov D, Saksagansky G Contrib. Plasma Phys. 30 (4) 523 (1990)
  117. Buttram M T, Sampayan S Gas Discharge Closing Switches Chapter 11 (1990) p. 289
  118. Godechot X, Salmeron M B et al MRS Proc. 190 (1990)
  119. Miller H C Gas Discharge Closing Switches Chapter 9 (1990) p. 251
  120. VYSKOČIL J, MUSIL J Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films 1990 (1990) p. 299
  121. Swift P D, McKenzie D R et al Journal of Applied Physics 66 (2) 505 (1989)
  122. Hantzsche E IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 17 (5) 657 (1989)
  123. Kutzner J, Miller H C IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 17 (5) 688 (1989)
  124. Vasil’ev V V, Vojtsenya V S et al Journal Of Nuclear Materials 162-164 787 (1989)
  125. Mesyats G A, Proskurovsky D I Pulsed Electrical Discharge in Vacuum Chapter 2 (1989) p. 5
  126. Brown I G, Galvin J E IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 17 (5) 679 (1989)
  127. Radic N, Santic B IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 17 (5) 683 (1989)
  128. Mesyats G A, Proskurovsky D I Pulsed Electrical Discharge in Vacuum Chapter 11 (1989) p. 227
  129. Mesyats G A, Proskurovsky D I Pulsed Electrical Discharge in Vacuum Chapter 5 (1989) p. 79
  130. Anisimov A G, Bashkatov Yu L, Shvetsov G A J Appl Mech Tech Phys 30 (2) 303 (1989)
  131. Miller H C Contrib. Plasma Phys. 29 (3) 223 (1989)
  132. Mesyats G A, Proskurovsky D I Pulsed Electrical Discharge in Vacuum Chapter 8 (1989) p. 159
  133. Anders S, Anders A Contrib. Plasma Phys. 29 (4-5) 537 (1989)
  134. Hantzsche E Contrib Plasma Phys 27 (4) 293 (1987)
  135. Rakhovsky V I IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 15 (5) 481 (1987)
  136. Juttner B IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 15 (5) 474 (1987)
  137. Vogel N, Kolacinski Z J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 20 (4) 545 (1987)
  138. Wieckert C Contrib Plasma Phys 27 (5) 309 (1987)
  139. Donaldson A, Kristiansen M et al IEEE Trans. Magn. 22 (6) 1441 (1986)
  140. Uematsu K, Morimoto S, Kuriki K Journal Of Spacecraft And Rockets 22 (4) 412 (1985)
  141. Ivanov V A, Juttner B, Pursch H IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 13 (5) 334 (1985)
  142. Juttner B J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 18 (11) 2221 (1985)
  143. Burkhart C, Coffey S et al Nuclear Instruments And Methods In Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms 10-11 792 (1985)
  144. Puchkaryov V F, Proskurovsky D I IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 13 (5) 257 (1985)
  145. Mesyats G A IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. EI-20 (4) 729 (1985)
  146. Rakhovsky V I IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 12 (3) 199 (1984)
  147. Porotnikov A A, Rodnevich B B Meas Tech 27 (8) 739 (1984)
  148. Djakov B E, Lyubimov G A, Rakhovsky V I IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 12 (2) 150 (1984)
  149. Juttner B Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 26 (1A) 249 (1984)
  150. Kuriki K, Kunii Y, Shimizu Y AIAA Journal 21 (3) 322 (1983)
  151. Miller H C IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 11 (2) 76 (1983)
  152. Mesyats G A IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. EI-18 (3) 218 (1983)
  153. Dyuzhev G A, Lyubimov G A, Shkol’Nik S M IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 11 (1) 36 (1983)
  154. Rakhovskii V I Meas Tech 26 (10) 865 (1983)
  155. Meunier J L, Drouet M G IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 11 (3) 165 (1983)
  156. Kosarev E L, Peskov V D, Podolyak E R Nuclear Instruments And Methods In Physics Research 208 (1-3) 637 (1983)
  157. Hantzsche E Contrib Plasma Phys 23 (1) 77 (1983)
  158. Baratov D G, Gordeeva G V et al At Energy 53 (6) 854 (1982)
  159. Hantzsche E Physica B+C 104 (1-2) 3 (1981)
  160. Daalder J E Physica B+C 104 (1-2) 91 (1981)
  161. Bogomolov G D, Peskov V D, Sorokin A A J Appl Spectrosc 33 (2) 822 (1980)
  162. Lyubimov G A, Rakhovsky V I et al J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 13 (9) 1655 (1980)
  163. Bushik A I, Jüttner B, Pursch H Contrib Plasma Phys 19 (3) 177 (1979)
© 1918–2025 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions