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Конференции и симпозиумы. Форум "USPEKHI-2021: Изменение климата и проблемы глобальной энергетики


Новая парадигма для "мирного атома". Взгляд с точки зрения иерархии источников энергии и фундаментальной безопасности

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Представлен расширенный вариант обзора, основанного на презентации на Форуме УФН по вопросам изменения климата и глобальной энергетики. Для выявления ключевых проблем, связанных с ядерной энергией гражданского назначения, вначале даётся краткий обзор истории, современного состояния и перспектив её использования. Ядерная энергия включается в иерархию основных источников энергии на Земле вместе со всеми типами энергетических систем, действующих на фундаментальной основе, что показывает её уникальные характеристики, качественно отличающие ядерную энергию гражданского назначения от других источников энергии. Даётся краткое описание новой парадигмы с совершенно иным набором категорий безопасности, принципов разработки и методов производства, отличных от обычной ядерной энергии, что приводит к решению для глобальной энергетической системы с гораздо более широкими возможностями будущего развития и масштабирования для борьбы с последствиями климатических изменений. Основываясь на концепциях и методах, сформулированных при изучении интеграционных свойств в комплексных адаптивных системах, мы применяем метод масштабирования для анализа безопасности и экономики ядерных реакторов и устанавливаем явную связь между масштабом реактора, ограничениями, связанными с безопасностью и объёмом производства, с кумулятивной стоимостью и производственными возможностями. Одновременное усовершенствование и оптимизация ядерной безопасности и экономичности приводят к созданию малых модульных реакторов (Small Modular Reactor— SMR) и микрореакторов (Micro Reactor — MR) как базовых технологий новой парадигмы. Мы показываем, что необходимо выпускать определённые конструкции SMR и MR, отличающиеся детерминистической фундаментальной безопасностью, которые могут обеспечить существенное снижение стоимости с ростом объёмов производства в соответствии с законом Райта (Wright's law), выполняющимся для большинства существующих технологий. Новая парадигма позволяет сделать ряд необычных и проверяемых предсказаний. Некоторые из этих предсказаний могут быть проверены частично, а для других имеются суррогатные тесты, относящиеся к успешно развивающимся технологиям и отраслям промышленности, которые к тому же легко допускают перенос в другие отрасли, и для иных возможностей реализации. Принципы и результаты масштабирования в общем случае являются применимыми к другими энергетическим системам и большинству производимых товаров.

Текст: pdf (Полный текст предоставляется по подписке)
English fulltext is available at DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2021.08.039082
Ключевые слова: ядерная энергия, парадигма, иерархия первичных источников энергии, базовая безопасность, серийно производимые системы, экономия за счёт масштабов производства, единичный масштаб, малые модульные реакторы, микрореакторы, глобальное решение энергетической проблемы
PACS: 28.41.−i, 28.50.−k, 89.30.Gg (все)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2021.08.039082
URL: https://ufn.ru/ru/articles/2022/11/g/
001098566300003
2-s2.0-85182890431
Цитата: Ли Н "Новая парадигма для "мирного атома". Взгляд с точки зрения иерархии источников энергии и фундаментальной безопасности" УФН 192 1231–1274 (2022)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Поступила: 24 июля 2021, 27 августа 2021

English citation: Li N “New paradigm for civil nuclear energy. Perspectives from the hierarchy of energy sources and fundamental safety” Phys. Usp. 65 1155–1187 (2022); DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2021.08.039082

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