Выпуски

 / 

1994

 / 

Июль

  

Обзоры актуальных проблем


Процессы в расширяющемся и конденсирующемся газе


Объединенный институт высоких температур РАН, ул. Ижорская 13/19, Москва, 127412, Российская Федерация

Рассмотрены процессы эволюции горячего газа или слабоионизованной плазмы, создаваемой при испарении с поверхности твердого тела под действием высоких потоков энергии, а также вытекающих из сопла. Расширение пара или плазмы в окружающее пространство приводит к их охлаждению и сопровождается цепью процессов с участием как заряженных (электронов, ионов, атомов, заряженных кластеров), так и нейтральных частиц. Рассмотрены режимы эволюции системы, которые приводят к конденсации атомов с образованием больших кластеров как заряженных, так и нейтральных. Проанализированы экспериментальные аспекты создания интенсивных потоков кластеров в рассмотренных режимах и связанные с ними приложения.

Текст pdf (709 Кб)
English fulltext is available at DOI: 10.1070/PU1994v037n07ABEH000032
PACS: 51.30.+i, 52.25.Kn, 47.45.−n (все)
DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0164.199407a.0665
URL: https://ufn.ru/ru/articles/1994/7/a/
A1994PL84400001
Цитата: Смирнов Б М "Процессы в расширяющемся и конденсирующемся газе" УФН 164 665–703 (1994)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

English citation: Smirnov B M “Processes in expanding and condensing gasesPhys. Usp. 37 621–657 (1994); DOI: 10.1070/PU1994v037n07ABEH000032

Список литературы (216) ↓ Статьи, ссылающиеся на эту (61) Похожие статьи (20)

  1. Becker E W, Bier K, Henkes W Z Phys. 146 333 (1956)
  2. Henkes W Naturforschung A 16 842 (1961)
  3. Henkes W Naturforschung A 17 786 (1962)
  4. Hagena O F Molecular Beams and Low Density Gas Dynamics (Ed. P P Wegener) (New York: Dekker, 1974) p. p 93
  5. Takagi T Pure Appl. Chem. 60 781 (1988)
  6. Aleksandrov M L, Kusner Yu S Gazodinamicheskie Molekulyarnye Ionnye i Klasterirovannye Puchki (Gasdynamic Molecular and Cluster Beams) (Leningrad: Nauka, 1989)
  7. Becker E W Laser Part. Beams 7 743 (1989)
  8. Zolkin A S, Shukhov Yu S Preprint No. 258 (Institute of Heat Physics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1991)
  9. Hagena O F Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63 2374 (1992)
  10. Takagi T J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2 382 (1984)
  11. Takagi T Ionized Cluster Beam Depositon and Epitaxy (Parker Ridge, N J: Noyes Publications, 1988)
  12. Gspann J Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals Vol. vol. 2 (Eds P Jena, R K Rao, S N Khanna) (Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic, 1992) p. p 1115
  13. Hagena O F, Knop G, Ries R KFJ-Nachr. 23 136 (1991)
  14. Hagena O F, Knop G, Linker G Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals Vol. vol. 2 (Eds P Jena, R K Rao, S N Khanna) (Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic, 1992) p. p 1233
  15. Henkes P R W, Klongelhofer R J. Phys. (Paris) 50 159 (1989)
  16. Henkes P R W, Klongelhofer R Vacuum 39 541 (1989)
  17. Takagi T, Yamada I, Sasaki A J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 12 1128 (1975)
  18. Yamada I, Usui H, Takagi T J. Phys. Chem. 91 2463 (1980)
  19. Yamada I, Inokawa H, Takagi T J. Appl. Phys. 56 2746 (1984)
  20. Takaoka G H, Yamada I, Takagi T Vac. Sci. Technol. A 3 2665 (1985)
  21. Takagi T, Takaoka H, Kuriyama Y, Matsubara K Thin Solid Films 126 149 (1985)
  22. Usui H, Yamada I, Takagi T J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 4 52 (1986)
  23. Yamada I, Takaoka H, Usui H, Takagi T J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 4 722 (1986)
  24. Takagi T Vacuum 36 27 (1986)
  25. Sosnowski M, Yamada I Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 46 397 (1990)
  26. Huq S E, McMahon R A, Ahmed H Semicond. Sci. Technol. 5 771 (1990)
  27. Takaoka G H, Ishikawa J, Takagi T J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8 840 (1990)
  28. Sosnowski M, Usui H, Yamada I J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8 1470 (1990)
  29. Beuhler R J, Friedlander G, Friedman L Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 1292 (1989)
  30. Leonas V B Usp. Fiz. Nauk 160 ((11)) 135 (1990); Leonas V B Sov. Phys. Usp. 33 956 (1990)
  31. Beuhler R J, Chu Y Y, Friedlander G, Friedman L, Alessi J G, LoDestro V, Thomas J P Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 473 (1991)
  32. Jena P, Khanna S N, Rao B K, Manninen M Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 206 3 (1991)
  33. Khanna S N, Jena P Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 1664 (1992)
  34. de Heer W A, Milani P, Chatelain A Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 488 (1990)
  35. Khanna S N, Linderoth S Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 742 (1991)
  36. Zel'dovich Ya B Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 12 525 (1942)
  37. Frenkel J Kinetic Theory of Liquids (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946)
  38. Landau L D, Lifshitz E M Statistical Physics Vol. Vol. 1 3rd edition (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980)
  39. Dunning W S Nucleation (Ed A C Zettlemoyer) (New York: Dekker, 1969), chapter 1
  40. Abraham F F Homogeneous Nucleation Theory (New York: Academic Press, 1974)
  41. Smirnov B M, Tischenko N P Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 11 561 (1991)
  42. Smirnov B M Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 29 185 (1991)
  43. Smirnov B M Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 12 177 (1992)
  44. Forrest S R, Witten T A Jr J. Phys. A 12 L109 (1979)
  45. Granqvist C G, Buhrman R A J. Appl. Phys. 47 2200 (1976)
  46. Niklasson G A et al Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 28 528 (1983)
  47. Niklasson G A, Yatsuya S, Granqvist C G Solid State Commun. 59 579 (1986)
  48. Niklasson G A, Granqvist C G Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 256 (1986)
  49. Niklasson G A J. Appl. Phys. 62 258 (1987)
  50. Niklasson G A, Torebring A, Larsson C, Granqvist C G, Farestam T Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 1735 (1988)
  51. Lushnikov A A, Pakhomov A V, Chernyaeva G A Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 292 86 (1987); Lushnikov A A, Pakhomov A V, Chernyaeva G A Sov. Phys. Dokl. 32 45 (1987)
  52. Lushnikov A A, Maksimenko V V, Pakhomov A V J. Aerosol Sci. 20 865 (1989)
  53. Lushnikov A A, Negin A E, Pakhomov A V Chem. Phys. Lett. 175 138 (1990)
  54. Lushnikov A A, Negin A E, Pakhomov A V, Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 161 ((2)) 113 (1991); Lushnikov A A, Negin A E, Pakhomov A V, Smirnov B M Sov. Phys. Usp. 34 160 (1991)
  55. Family F, Landau D P (Eds) Kinetics of Aggregation and Gelation (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1984)
  56. Stanley H E, Ostrowsky N (Eds) On Growth and Form (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985)
  57. Herrmann H J Phys. Rep. 136 153 (1986)
  58. Sander L M Nature (L ondon) 322 789 (1986)
  59. Liu S H Solid State Phys. 39 207 (1986)
  60. Pietronero L, Tosatti E (Eds) Fractals in Physics (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1986)
  61. Sander L M, Cates M E Science 322 789 (1986)
  62. Jullien R, Botet R Aggregation and Fractal Aggregates (Singapore: World Scientific, 1987)
  63. Meakin P CRC Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 13 143 (1987)
  64. Botet R, Julien R Ann. Phys. (Paris) 13 153 (1988)
  65. Meakin P Phase Transit. Crit. Phenom. 12 335 (1988)
  66. Julien R, Peliti L, Rammal R, Bocara N (Eds) Universalities in Condensed Matter (Berlin: Springer, 1988)
  67. Landau D P, Mon K K, Schuttler H B (Eds) Computer Simulation Studies in Condensed Matter Physics (Berlin: Springer, 1988)
  68. Vicsek T Fractal Growth Phenomena (Singapore: World Scientific, 1989; 1991)
  69. Smirnov B M Phys. Rep. 188 1 (1990)
  70. Takayasi H Fractals in the Physical Sciences (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990)
  71. Smirnov B M Fizika Fraktal'nykh Klasterov (Physics of Fractal Clusters) (Moscow: Nauka, 1991)
  72. Reynolds R J (Ed.) On Clusters and Clustering: From Atoms to Fractals (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1991)
  73. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 163 ((7)) 51 (1993); Smirnov B M Phys.-Usp. 36 592 (1993)
  74. Dan'shchikov E V, Dymshakov V A, Lebedev F V, Ryazanov A V Kvantovaya Elektron. (Moscow) 12 1863 (1985); Dan'shchikov E V, Dymshakov V A, Lebedev F V, Ryazanov A V Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 15 1231 (1985)
  75. Vorob'ev V S, Maksimenko S V Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 25 430 (1987)
  76. Vorob'ev V S Usp. Fiz. Nauk 163 ((12)) 51 (1993); Vorob'ev V S Phys.-Usp. 36 1129 (1993)
  77. Bunkin F V, Kirichenko N A, Luk'yanchuk B S Usp. Fiz. Nauk 138 45 (1982); Bunkin F V, Kirichenko N A, Luk'yanchuk B S Sov. Phys. Usp. 25 662 (1982)
  78. Bunkin F V, Kirichenko N A, Luk'yanchuk B S Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Fiz. 47 2000 (1983); Bunkin F V, Kirichenko N A, Luk'yanchuk B S Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Fiz. 48 1485 (1984); Bunkin F V, Kirichenko N A, Luk'yanchuk B S Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Fiz. 49 1054 (1985)
  79. Karlov N V, Bunkin F, Luk'yanchuk B V Lazernaya Termokhimiya (Laser Thermochemistry) (Moscow: Nauka, 1992)
  80. Anisimov S I, Imas Ya A, Romanov G S, Khodyko Yu V Deistvie Izlucheniya Bol'shoi Mos hchnosti na Me tally (Effects of High-Power Radiation on Metals) (Moscow: Nauka, 1970)
  81. Bronin S Ya, Polishchuk V P Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 22 7550 (1984)
  82. Brykin M V, Vorob'ev V S, Shelyukhaev B P Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 25 468 (1987)
  83. Efimov A N (Ed.) Spravochnik po Neorganicheskim Soedineniyam (Handbook on Inorganic Compounds) (Moscow: Nauka, 1983)
  84. Chemical Physics: Reference Book 67th edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989)
  85. Launder B E, Spalding D B Mathematical Models of Turbulence (London: Academic Press, 1972)
  86. Leontovich M A Vvedenie v Termodinamiku: Statisticheskaya Fizika (Introduction to Thermodynamics: Statistical Physics) (Moscow: Nauka, 1983)
  87. ter Haar D, Vergeland G Elementary Thermodynamics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966)
  88. Landau L D, Lifshitz E M Statistical Physics 3rd edition (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980)
  89. Smirnov B M Trends in Physics. Proceedings EPS-8 Proceedings of Eighth Congress of European Physical Society (Ed. J Kaczer) p. p 112, Part i
  90. Biberman L M, Vorob'ev V S, Yakubov I T Kinetika Nizkot emperaturnoi Plazmy (Kinetics of Low-Temperature Plasmas) (Moscow: Nauka, 1982)
  91. Smirnov B M Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 24 239 (1986)
  92. Fox J N, Hobson R M Phys. Rev. Lett. 17 161 (1966)
  93. Cunningham A J, Hobson R M Phys. Rev. 185 98 (1969)
  94. Smirnov B M Negative Ions (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982)
  95. Hotop H, Lineberger W C Chem. Phys. Ref. Data 14 731 (1985)
  96. Radzig A A, Smirnov B M Reference Data on Atoms, Molecules and Ions (Berlin: Springer, 1986)
  97. Fomenko V S Emissionnye Svoistva Metallov (Emission Propeties of Metals) (Kiev: Naukova Dumka) p. p 36
  98. Zheng L-S, Karner C M, Brucat P J, et al J. Chem. Phys. 85 1681 (1986); Pettiette C L, Yang S H, Craycraft M J, et al J. Chem. Phys. 88 5377 (1988)
  99. Huber K P, Herzberg G Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. Contents of Diatomic Molecules (New York: Rein-hold, 1979)
  100. Beutel V, Kramer H-G, Bhale G L, et al J. Chem. Phys. 98 2699 (1993)
  101. Cheshnovsky O, Yang S H, Pettiette C L, Craycraft M J, Smalley R E Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58 2131 (1987)
  102. Smirnov B M Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 14 547 (1993)
  103. Seifert G, Schmidt R, Lutz H O Phys. Lett. A 158 231 (1991)
  104. Seifert G, Schmidt R, Lutz H O Phys. Lett. A 158 237 (1991)
  105. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 162(1) 119 (1992); Smirnov B M Sov. Phys. Usp. 35 37 (1992)
  106. Smirnov B M Usp. Fiz. Nauk 162 ((12)) 97 (1992); Smirnov B M Sov. Phys. Usp. 35 1052 (1992)
  107. Northby J A J. Chem. Phys. 87 6166 (1987)
  108. Hoare M R, Pal P Adv. Phys. 32 161 (1971)
  109. Kubo R Statistical Mechanics (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1965)
  110. Cheng H P, Berry R S Phys. Rev. A 45 7969 (1992)
  111. Cheng H P, Li X, Whetten R L, Berry R S Phys. Rev. A 46 791 (1992)
  112. Roman C E, Garzon I L Z. Phys. D 20 163 (1991)
  113. Weerasinghe S, Amar F G Z Phys. D 20 167 (1991)
  114. Smith R W Z Phys. D 21 57 (1991)
  115. Beck T L, Berry R S J. Chem. Phys. 88 3910 (1988)
  116. Smirnov B M "J. Chem. Phys.", (in press)
  117. Faraday M The Chemical Nature of Candle (New York: Crowell, 1957), reprint)
  118. Landau L D, Lifshitz E M, Pitaevskii L P Electrodynamics of Continuous Media 2nd edition (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1984)
  119. Kondrat'ev K Ya, Vasil'ev O V, Ivlev L S Vliyanie Aerozolya na Perenos Izlucheniya (Infleunce of Aerosols on Radiative Transfer) (Leningrad: Leningrad State University, 1973)
  120. Smirnov B M Aerozoli v Gazakh i Plazme (Aerosols in Gases and Plamsa) (Moscow: Institute of High Temperatures, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1990)
  121. Smirnov B M Problema Sharovoi Molnii (Problem of the Ball Lightning) (Moscow: Nauka, 1988)
  122. Luizova L A, Smirnov B M, Khakhaev A D Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 309 1359 (1989); Luizova L A, Smirnov B M, Khakhaev A D Sov. Phys. Dokl. 34 1086 (1989)
  123. Luizova L A, Smirnov B M, Khakhaev A D, Chugin V P Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 28 897 (1991)
  124. Kresin V Phys. Rev. B 42 3247 (1990)
  125. Xu M, Dignam M J J. Chem. Phys. 96 3370 (1992)
  126. Menezes W J C, Knickelbein M B J. Chem. Phys. 98 1856 (1993)
  127. Krebig U, Genzel L Surf. Sci. 156 678 (1985)
  128. Tiggesbaumker J, Koller L, Lutz H O, Meiwes-Broer K H Chem. Phys. Lett. 190 42 (1992)
  129. Brechignac C, Cahuzac P, Carlier F, Leygnier J, Roux J P, Sarfati A Z Phys. D 26 1 (1993)
  130. Brechignac C, Cahuzac P, Kebaili N, Leygnier J, Sarfati A Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 3916 (1992)
  131. Brechignac C, Cahuzac P, Carlier F, de Frutos M, Leygnier J Chem. Phys. Lett. 189 28 (1992)
  132. Brechignac C, Cahuzac P, Carlier F, Leygnier J Chem. Phys. Lett. 164 433 (1989)
  133. Brechignac C, Cahuzac P, Leygnier J, Sarfati A Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 2036 (1993)
  134. Pedersen J, Borggreen J, Chowdhury P, et al. Z Phys. D 26 281 (1993)
  135. Selby K, Kresin V, Masui J, Vollmer M, Scheidemann A, Knight W D Z Phys. D 19 41 (1991)
  136. Weber B, Scholl R J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 93 ((Summer 1992))
  137. Smirnov B M Iony i Vozbuzhdennye Atomy v Plazme (Ions and Excited Atoms in Plasma) (Moscow: Atomizdat, 1974)
  138. Smirnov B M Vvedenie v Fiziku Plazmy (Introduction to Plasma Physics) (Moscow: Nauka, 1982)
  139. Kondrat'ev V N Konstanty Skorosti Gazofaznykh Reaktsii (Rate Constants of Gaseous-Phase Reactions) (Moscow: Nauka, 1971)
  140. Schmidt R, Lutz H O Phys. Rev. A 45 7981 (1992)
  141. Smirnov B M, Strizhev A Ju Phys. Scr. 49 615 (1994)
  142. Sattler K, Muhlbach J, Reckagel E Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 821 (1980)
  143. Kappes M M, Kunz R W, Schumacher E Chem. Phys. Lett. 91 413 (1982)
  144. Knight W D, Clemenger K, de Heer W A, Saunders W A, Chou M Y, Cohen M L Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 2141 (1984)
  145. Martin T P J. Chem. Phys. 81 4426 (1984)
  146. Castleman A W, Keese R G Z Phys. D 3 167 (1986)
  147. Smalley R E Laser Chem. 2 167 (1983)
  148. Hopkins J B, Langridge-Smith P R R, Morse M D, Smalley R E J. Chem. Phys. 78 1627 (1983)
  149. Liu Y, Zhang Q-L, Tittel F K, Curl R F, Smalley R E J. Chem. Phys. 85 7434 (1986)
  150. Milani P, de Haar W A Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61 1835 (1990)
  151. Yang S H, Pettiette C L, Conceicao J, Cheshnovsky O, Smalley R E Chem. Phys. Lett. 139 233 (1987); Cheshnovsky O, Yang S H, Pettiette C L, Craycraft M J, Smalley R E Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58 2131 (1987)
  152. Begemann W, Dreihofer S, Meiwes-Broer K H, Lutz H O Z Phys. 3 183 (1986)
  153. Gantefor G, Gausa M, Meiwes-Broer K H, Lutz H O Z Phys. D 9 253 (1988)
  154. Gantefor G, Gausa M, Meiwes-Broer K H, Lutz H O J. Chem. Soc. Farad. Trans. 86 2483 (1990)
  155. Lutz H O, Meiwes-Broer K H Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 53 395 (1991)
  156. Kruit P, Read F H J. Phys. E 16 313 (1983)
  157. Cheshnovsky O, Yang S H, Pettiette C L, Craycraft M J, Liu Y, Smalley R E Chem. Phys. Lett. 138 119 (1987)
  158. Bergmann T, Martin T P J. Chem. Phys. 90 2848 (1989)
  159. Bjornholm S, Borggreen J. Echt O, Hansen K, Pedersen J, Rasmussen H D Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 1627 (1990)
  160. Martin T P, Bergmann T, Gohlich H, Lange T Chem. Phys. Lett. 172 209 (1990)
  161. Gohlich H, Lange T, Bergmann T, Martin T P Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 748 (1990)
  162. Bjornholm S, Borggreen J, Echt O, Hansen K, Pedersen J, Rasmussen H D Z Phys. D 19 47 (1991)
  163. Pedersen J, Bjornholm S, Borggreen J, Hansen K, Martin T P, Rasmussen H D Nature (London) 353 733 (1991)
  164. Martin T P, Bjornholm S, Borggreen J, Brechignac C, Cahuzac P, Hansen K, Pedersen J Chem. Phys. Lett. 186 53 (1991)
  165. Martin T P, Bergmann T, Gohlich H, Lange T Z. Phys. D 19 25 (1991)
  166. Gohlich H, Lange T, Bergmann T, Naher U, Martin T P Chem. Phys. Lett. 187 67 (1991)
  167. Alameddin G, Hunter J, Cameron D, Kappes M M Chem. Phys. Lett. 192 137 (1992)
  168. Knickelbein Q Q Chem. Phys. Lett. 192 129 (1992)
  169. Martin T P, Bergmann T, Gohlich H, Large T Chem. Phys. Lett. 176 343 (1991)
  170. Martin T P, Naher U, Bergmann T, Gohlich H, Lange T Chem. Phys. Lett. 183 119 (1991)
  171. Jarrold M F, Bower J E, Kraus J S J. Chem. Phys. 86 3876 (1987)
  172. Gantefor G, Gausa M, Meiwes-Broer K H, Lutz H O Z Phys. D 9 253 (1988)
  173. Taylor K J, Pettiette C L, Craycraft M J, Cheshnovsky O, Smalley R E Chem. Phys. Lett. 152 347 (1988)
  174. Schriver K E, Persson J L, Honea E C, Whetten R L Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 2539 (1990)
  175. Persson J L, Whetten R L, Cheng H P, Berry P S Chem. Phys. Lett. 186 215 (1991)
  176. Martin T P, Naher U, Schaber H Chem. Phys. Lett. 199 470 (1992)
  177. Pellarin M, Bageunard B, Broyer M, Lerme J, Vialle J L, Perez A J. Chem. Phys. 98 944 (1993)
  178. Lerme J, Pellarin M, Vialle J L, Baguenard B, Bordas C, Broyer M Z Phys. D 26 92 (1993)
  179. Pellarin M, Baguenard B, Bordas C, Broyer M, Lerme J, Vialle J Z Phys. D 26 (Suppl. 137) (1993)
  180. Knickelbein M B, Yang S, Riley S J J. Chem. Phys. 93 94 (1990)
  181. Rohlfing E A, Cox D M, Kaldor A, Johnson K H J. Chem. Phys. 81 3846 (1984)
  182. Kaldor A, Cox D M, Trevor D J, Zakin M R Z Phys. D 3 195 (1986)
  183. Richtsmeier S C, Parks E K, Liu K, Pobo L G, Riley S J J. Chem. Phys. 82 3659 (1985)
  184. Whetten R L, Cox D M, Trevor D J, Kaldor A Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 1494 (1985)
  185. Powers D E, Hansen S G, Geusic M E, Michalopoulos D L, Smalley R E J. Chem. Phys. 88 1622 (1988)
  186. Klots T D, Winter B J, Parks E K, Riley S J J. Chem. Phys. 92 2110 (1990)
  187. Parks E K, Klots T D, Riley S J J. Chem. Phys. 92 3813 (1990)
  188. Parks E K, Winter B J, Klots T D, Riley S J J. Chem. Phys. 94 1882 (1991)
  189. Klots T D, Winter B J, Parks E K, Riley S J J. Chem. Phys. 95 8919 (1991)
  190. Parks E K, Winter B J, Klots T D, Riley S J J. Chem. Phys. 96 8267 (1992)
  191. von Helden G, Hsu M T, Kemper P R, Bowers M T J. Chem. Phys. 95 3835 (1991)
  192. Jarrold M F, Constant V A Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 2994 (1991)
  193. Jarrold M F, Bower J E J. Chem. Phys. 96 9180 (1992)
  194. Jarrold M F, Bower J E J. Chem. Phys. 98 2399 (1993); Jarrold M F, Bower J E Z. Phys. D 9 253 (1988)
  195. Gspann J Z. Phys. D 26 174 (1993)
  196. Beuhler R, Friedman L Chem. Rev. 86 521 (1986)
  197. Matthew M W, Beuhler R J, Ledbetter M, Friedman L J. Phys. Chem. 90 3152 (1986)
  198. Hagena O F Surf. Sci. 106 101 (1981)
  199. Hagena O F, Knop G paper presented at the Eighteenth Rarefied Gas Dynamics Symposium, Vancouver (1992)
  200. Hagena O F Z. Phys. D 4 291 (1987)
  201. Hagena O F Z. Phys. D 17 157 (1990)
  202. Hagena O F Z. Phys. D 20 425 (1991)
  203. Farges J, de Feraudy M F, Raoult B, Torchet G J. Chem. Phys. 84 3491 (1986)
  204. Birkhofer H P, Haberland H, Winterer M, Worsnop D R Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 88 207 (1984)
  205. Wormer J, Guzielski V, Stapelfeldt J, Moller T Chem. Phys. Lett. 159 321 (1989)
  206. Buck U, Meyer H Surf. Sci. 156 275 (1985)
  207. Hagena O F, Obert W J. Chem. Phys. 56 1793 (1972)
  208. Gspann J Z. Phys. D 3 143 (1986)
  209. Gspann J Z. Phys. D 20 421 (1991)
  210. Barlak T M, Campana J E, Colton R J, et al J. Phys. Chem. 85 3840 (1981)
  211. Barlak T M et al J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 1212 (1982)
  212. Ens W, Beavis R, Standing K G Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 27 (1983)
  213. Martin T P Phys. Rep. 95 169 (1983)
  214. Martin T P Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 88 300 (1984)
  215. Fayet P, Woste L Z. Phys. D 3 177 (1986)
  216. Regemann W et al Z. Phys. D 12 229 (1989)

© Успехи физических наук, 1918–2024
Электронная почта: ufn@ufn.ru Телефоны и адреса редакции О журнале Пользовательское соглашение