Issues

 / 

2007

 / 

November

  

Reviews of topical problems


Population synthesis in astrophysics

,
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Shternberg State Astronomical Institute, Universitetskii prosp. 13, Moscow, 119889, Russian Federation

Population synthesis is a method for numerical simulation of the population of objects with a complex evolution. This method is widely used in astrophysics. We consider its main applications to studying astronomical objects. Examples of modeling evolution are given for populations of close binaries and isolated neutron stars. The application of the method to studying active galactic nuclei and the integral spectral characteristics of galaxies is briefly discussed. An extensive bibliography on all the topics covered is provided.

Fulltext pdf (873 KB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.1070/PU2007v050n11ABEH006179
PACS: 97.10.−q, 97.60.Jd, 97.80.−d (all)
DOI: 10.1070/PU2007v050n11ABEH006179
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2007/11/b/
000253900700002
2-s2.0-40449120542
2007PhyU...50.1123P
Citation: Popov S B, Prokhorov M E "Population synthesis in astrophysics" Phys. Usp. 50 1123–1146 (2007)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Оригинал: Попов С Б, Прохоров М Е «Популяционный синтез в астрофизике» УФН 177 1179–1206 (2007); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0177.200711b.1179

References (202) ↓ Cited by (41) Similar articles (20)

  1. Fritze-v. Alvensleben U In Stars, Gas, And Dust In Galaxies: Exploring The Links (ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 221, Eds D Alloin, K Olsen, G Galaz) (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 2000) p. 179; Fritze-v. Alvensleben U astro-ph/0009290
  2. Cid Fernandes R et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 325 60 (2001)
  3. Maraston C Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 362 799 (2005)
  4. Bruzual G, Charlot S Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 344 1000 (2003)
  5. Maraston C In Extragalactic Globular Cluster Systems (ESO Astrophys. Symp., Ed. M Kissler-Patig) (Berlin: Springer, 2003) p. 237; Maraston C astro-ph/0301419
  6. Verbunt F et al. In Pulsar Timing, General Relativity, And The Internal Structure Of Neutron Stars (Eds Z Arzoumanian, F van der Hooft, E P J van den Heuvel) (Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Acad. of Arts and Sci., 1999) p. 215
  7. Cerviño M, Valls-Gabaud D Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 338 481 (2003)
  8. Cerviño M, Luridiana V Astron. Astrophys. 413 145 (2004)
  9. Cerviño M, Luridiana V astro-ph/0510411
  10. Lipunov V M, Postnov K A, Prokhorov M E Astrophys. Space Sci. Rev. 9 1 (1996)
  11. Taam R E, Sandquist E L Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 38 113 (2000)
  12. Webbink R F Astrophys. J. 227 355 (1984)
  13. de Kool M Astrophys. J. 358 189 (1990)
  14. Nelemans G et al. Astron. Astrophys. 360 1011 (2000)
  15. Bisnovatyi-Kogan G S Fizicheskie Voprosy Teorii Zvezdnoi Evolyutsii (M.: Nauka, 1989)
  16. Shapiro S, T’yukolski S Chernye Dyry, Belye Karliki i Neitronnye Zvezdy (M.: Mir, 1985)
  17. Lipunov V M et al. arXiv:0704.1387
  18. Vanbeveren D, De Loore C, van Rensbergen W Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 9 63 (1998); Vanbeveren D, van Rensbergen W, de Loore C The Brightest Binaries (Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 232) (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1998)
  19. Salasnich B, Bressan A, Chiosi C Astron. Astrophys. 342 131 (1999)
  20. Yungelson L R In Interacting Binaries: Accretion, Evolution, Outcomes (AIP Conf. Proc., Vol. 797, Eds L Burderiet et al.) (Melville, NY: AIP, 2005) p. 1
  21. Postnov K A, Yungelson L R Living Rev. Relat. 9 6 (2006)
  22. Mannings V, Boss A P, Russell S S (Eds) Protostars And Planets IV (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 2000)
  23. Reipurth B, Jewitt D, Keil K (Eds) Protostars And Planets V (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 2007)
  24. Surdin V G Rozhdenie Zvezd (M.: Editorial URSS, 2000)
  25. Lejeune T, Schaerer D Astron. Astrophys. 366 538 (2001)
  26. Woosley S E, Heger A, Weaver T A Rev. Mod. Phys. 74 1015 (2002)
  27. Kornilov V G, Lipunov V M Astron. Zhurn. 60 284, 574 (1983)
  28. Dewey R J, Cordes J M Astrophys. J. 321 780 (1987)
  29. Paczyński B Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 9 183 (1971)
  30. van den Heuvel E P J In Neutron Stars: Theory And Observation (NATO ASI Series. Ser. C, No. 344, Eds J Ventura, D Pines) (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1991) p. 171
  31. Panchenko I E et al. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 138 517 (1999)
  32. Lipunov V M, Panchenko I E In The Astrophysics Of Gravitational Wave Sources (AIP Conf. Proc., Vol. 686, Ed. J M Centrella) (Melville, NY: AIP, 2003) p. 285
  33. Popov S B, Prokhorov M E Astron. Astrophys. 434 649 (2005)
  34. Bogomazov A I, Abubekerov M K, Lipunov V M Astron. Zhurn. 82 722 (2005)
  35. Yungelson L R In White Dwarfs: Cosmological And Galactic Probes (Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 332, Eds E M Sion, S Vennes, H L Shipman) (Dordrecht: Springer, 2005) p. 163
  36. Napiwotzki R et al. In 14th European Workshop On White Dwarfs (ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 334, Eds D Koester, S Moehler) (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 2005) p. 375
  37. Yungel’son L R, Tutukov A V Astron. Zhurn. 82 976 (2005)
  38. Nelemans G, Yungelson L R, Portegies Zwart S F Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 349 181 (2004)
  39. Pols O R, Marinus M Astron. Astrophys. 288 475 (1994)
  40. Hurley J R, Tout C A, Pols O R Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 329 897 (2002)
  41. Sills A et al. New Astron. 8 605 (2003)
  42. Muno M P et al. Astrophys. J. 636 L41 (2006)
  43. Portegies Zwart S F et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 351 473 (2004)
  44. Portegies Zwart S F, Dewi J, Maccarone T Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 355 413 (2004)
  45. Portegies Zwart S F astro-ph/0406550
  46. Portegies Zwart S F, Verbunt F Astron. Astrophys. 309 179 (1996)
  47. Podsiadlowski Ph et al. Astrophys. J. 612 1044 (2004)
  48. Dewi J D M, Podsiadlowski Ph, Pols O R Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 363 L71 (2005)
  49. Dewi J D M, Podsiadlowski Ph, Sena A Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368 1742 (2006)
  50. Podsiadlowski Ph et al. Astrophys. J. 607 L17 (2004)
  51. Han Z et al. In Evolution Of Binary And Multiple Systems (ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 229, Eds P Podsiadlowski et al.) (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 2001) p. 205
  52. Kim C, Kalogera V, Lorimer D R Astrophys. J. 584 985 (2003)
  53. Kalogera V et al. In Binary Radio Pulsars (ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 328, Eds F A Rasio, I H Stairs) (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 2005) p. 261
  54. Fryer C L, Kalogera V Astrophys. J. 554 548 (2001)
  55. Willems B, Kalogera V Astrophys. J. 603 L101 (2004)
  56. Belczynski K et al. astro-ph/0511811
  57. Kalogera V et al. Phys. Rep. 442 75 (2007); Kalogera V et al. astro-ph/0612144
  58. Willems B, Mundin R P, Kolb U In The Physics Of Cataclysmic Variables And Related Objects (ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 261, Eds B T Gänsicke, K Beuermann, R Reinsch) (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 2002) p. 303
  59. Willems B, Kolb U Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 337 1004 (2002); Willems B, Kolb U Astron. Astrophys. 419 1057 (2004)
  60. Willems B, Kolb U Astron. Nachr. 324 169 (2003); Willems B, Kolb U In Binary Radio Pulsars (ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 328, Eds F A Rasio, I H Stairs) (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 2005) p. 255
  61. Tutukov A V, Yungel’son L R Astron. Zhurn. 79 738 (2002)
  62. Fedorova A V, Tutukov A V, Yungel’son L R Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 30 92 (2004)
  63. Lü G, Yungelson L, Han Z Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 372 1389 (2006)
  64. Belczynski K, Bulik T, Kluźniak W Astrophys. J. 567 L63 (2002)
  65. Kolb U In Wild Stars In The Old West (ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 137, Eds S Howell, E Kuulkers, C Woodward) (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 1998) p. 190
  66. Kolb U, King A R, Ritter H Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 298 L29 (1998)
  67. Howell S B, Nelson L A, Rappaport S Astrophys. J. 550 897 (2001)
  68. Willems B, Kolb U Astron. Astrophys. 419 1057 (2004)
  69. Kolb U, Willems B Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofís. 20 101 (2004)
  70. Nelemans G, Tout C A Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 356 753 (2005)
  71. van der Sluys M V, Verbunt F, Pols O R Astron. Astrophys. 460 209 (2006)
  72. Iben I (Jr.), Tutukov A V, Yungelson L R Astrophys. J. 475 291 (1997)
  73. Nelemans G, Tout C A Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofís. 20 39 (2004)
  74. Politano M Am. Astron. Soc. Meeting 199 62.08 (2001); Politano M Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 33 1401 (2001)
  75. Politano M Astrophys. J. 604 817 (2004)
  76. Politano M, Weiler K P astro-ph/0702662
  77. Nelemans G et al. Astron. Astrophys. 365 491 (2001)
  78. Mannucci F et al. Astron. Astrophys. 433 807 (2005)
  79. van der Kliss M Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 38 717 (2000)
  80. Swank J, Markwardt C In New Century Of X-ray Astronomy (ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 251, Eds H Inoue, H Kunieda) (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 2001) p. 94
  81. Grimm H-J, Gilfanov M, Sunyaev R Memorie Della Soc. Astron. Italiana 73 1053 (2002)
  82. Smale A P, Homan J, Kuulkers E Astrophys. J. 590 1035 (2003)
  83. Podsiadlowski Ph, Rappaport S, Pfahl E In The Influence Of Binaries On Stellar Population Studies (Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 264, Ed. D Vanbeveren) (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 2001) p. 355
  84. Pfahl E, Rappaport S, Podsiadlowski Ph Astrophys. J. 597 1036 (2003)
  85. Raguzova N V Astron. Astrophys. 367 848 (2001); Raguzova N V Astrophys. Space Sci. 281 641 (2002); Raguzova N V, Shugarov S Yu, Ketsaris N A Astron. Zhurn. 80 535 (2003)
  86. Zezas A Chandra Proposal No. 07620901 (2005)
  87. Liu X-W, Li X-D Astron. Astrophys. 449 135 (2006)
  88. Ruiter A J, Belczynski K, Harrison T E Astrophys. J. Lett. 640 167 (2006)
  89. Story S A, Gonthier P L, Harding A K Am. Astron. Soc. Meeting 207 183.10 (2006)
  90. Willems B, Kolb U In Binary Radio Pulsars (ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 328, Eds F A Rasio, I H Stairs) (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 2005) p. 255
  91. Eggleton P P, Verbunt F Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 220 13P (1986)
  92. Mardling R, Aarseth S In The Dynamics Of Small Bodies In The Solar System, A Major Key To Solar System Studies (NATO ASI Series. Ser. C, No. 522, Eds B A Steves, A E Roy) (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1999) p. 385
  93. Kuranov A G, Postnov K A, Prokhorov M E Astron. Zhurn. 78 717 (2001)
  94. Kiel P D, Hurley J R Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 369 1152 (2006)
  95. Yungelson L R et al. Astron. Astrophys. 454 559 (2006)
  96. Colbert E J M, Ptak A F Astrophys. J. Suppl. 143 25 (2002)
  97. Mushotzky R Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 155 27 (2004); Mushotzky R astro-ph/0411040
  98. Fabbiano G Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 27 87 (1989)
  99. Colbert E J M, Mushotzky R F Astrophys. J. 519 89 (1999)
  100. Miller M C, Colbert E J M Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 13 1 (2004)
  101. King A R et al. Astrophys. J. 552 L109 (2001)
  102. Postnov K A Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 29 372 (2003)
  103. Soria R, Cropper M, Motch C Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 5 153 (2005); Soria R, Cropper M, Motch C astro-ph/0409130
  104. Podsiadlowski Ph, Rappaport S, Han Z Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 341 385 (2003)
  105. Grishchuk L P i dr. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 171 3 (2001)
  106. Nelemans G In The Astrophysics Of Gravitational Wave Sources (AIP Conf. Proc., Vol. 686, Ed. J M Centrella) (Melville, NY: AIP, 2003) p. 263
  107. Cooray A Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 354 25 (2004)
  108. Abbott B et al. (LIGO Sci. Collab.) Class. Quantum Grav. 23 S29 (2006); Abbott B et al. (LIGO Sci. Collab.) Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 181103 (2005); Abbott B et al. (LIGO Sci. Collab.) Phys. Rev. D 69 082004 (2004); Abbott B et al. (LIGO Sci. Collab.) Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 517 154 (2004)
  109. Chandrasekhar S Phys. Rev. Lett. 24 611 (1970)
  110. Friedman J L, Schutz B F Astrophys. J. 222 281 (1978)
  111. Kokkotas K D, Stergioulas N Astron. Astrophys. 341 110 (1999)
  112. Andersson N, Kokkotas K D, Stergioulas N Astrophys. J. 516 307 (1999)
  113. Shapiro S, T’yukolski S Chernye Dyry, Belye Karliki i Neitronnye Zvezdy Ch. 2 (M.: Mir, 1985) p. 505
  114. Mironovskii V N Astron. Zhurn. 42 977 (1965)
  115. Lipunov V M, Postnov K A, Prokhorov M E Astron. Astrophys. 176 L1 (1987)
  116. Phinney E S Astrophys. J. 380 L17 (1991)
  117. van den Heuvel E P J, Lorimer D R Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 283 L37 (1996)
  118. Burgay M et al. Nature 426 531 (2003)
  119. Kalogera V et al. Astrophys. J. 601 L179 (2004)
  120. Lipunov V M Grav. Cosmol. 11 166 (2005); Lipunov V M astro-ph/0406502
  121. Tutukov A V, Yungel’son L R Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 260 675 (1993)
  122. Lipunov V M, Postnov K A, Prokhorov M E New Astron. 2 43 (1997)
  123. Lipunov V M, Postnov K A, Prokhorov M E Astron. Astrophys. 310 489 (1996)
  124. Willems B et al. Astrophys. J. 625 324 (2005)
  125. Hut P, Bahcall J N Astrophys. J. 268 319 (1983)
  126. Heggie D C, Hut P Astrophys. J. Suppl. 85 347 (1993)
  127. Rasio F A, McMillan S, Hut P Astrophys. J. 438 L33 (1995)
  128. Fregeau J M et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 352 1 (2004)
  129. Hills J G Astron. J. 102 704 (1991)
  130. Aarseth S J Gravitational N-Body Simulations (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003)
  131. Gualandris A, Portegies Zwart S, Eggleton P P Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 350 615 (2004)
  132. Popov S B, Prokhorov M E Trudy GAISh. Ser. Nauchnaya 72 1 (2003)
  133. Baym G, Lamb F K In Encyclopedia Of Physics (Eds R G Lerner, G L Trigg) 3rd ed. (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2005) p. 1721; Baym G, Lamb F K physics/0503245
  134. Arzoumanian Z, Chernoff D F, Cordes J M Astrophys. J. 568 289 (2002)
  135. Hobbs G et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 360 974 (2005)
  136. Faucher-Giguàre C-A, Kaspi V M Astrophys. J. 643 332 (2006)
  137. Zhang W, Woosley S E, Heger A astro-ph/0701083
  138. Eliseeva S A, Popov S, Beskin V S astro-ph/0611320
  139. Beskin V S, Gurevich A V, Istomin Ya N Physics Of The Pulsar Magnetosphere (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993)
  140. Ginzburg V L Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 156 43 (1964)
  141. Thompson C, Duncan R C Astrophys. J. 408 194 (1993)
  142. Beskin V S Usp. Fiz. Nauk 169 1169 (1999)
  143. Contopoulos I, Spitkovsky A Astrophys. J. 643 1139 (2006)
  144. Pacini F Nature 216 567 (1967)
  145. Ruderman M astro-ph/0510623
  146. Yakovlev D G, Levenfish K P, Shibanov Yu A Usp. Fiz. Nauk 169 825 (1999)
  147. Regimbau T, de Freitas Pacheco J A Astron. Astrophys. 374 182 (2001)
  148. Page D, Geppert U, Weber F Nucl. Phys. A 777 497 (2006)
  149. Vranesevic N et al. Astrophys. J. 617 L139 (2004)
  150. Konenkov D Yu, Popov S B Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 23 569 (1997)
  151. Lyne A G, Lorimer D R Nature 369 127 (1994)
  152. Beskin V S, Eliseeva S A Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 31 648 (2005)
  153. Taylor J H, Manchester R N, Lyne A G Astrophys. J. Suppl. 88 529 (1993)
  154. Bombaci I, Popov S B Astron. Astrophys. 424 627 (2004)
  155. Gonthier P L, Van Guilder R, Harding A K Astrophys. J. 604 775 (2004)
  156. Crawford F et al. Astrophys. J. 652 1499 (2006)
  157. Beskin V S, Eliseeva S A Pis’ma Astron. Zhurn. 31 290 (2005)
  158. Palomba C Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 359 1150 (2005)
  159. Regimbau T, de Freitas Pacheco J A Astron. Astrophys. 447 1 (2006)
  160. Stella L et al. Astrophys. J. 634 L165 (2005)
  161. Popov S B, Stern B E Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 365 885 (2006)
  162. Blaes O, Rajagopal M Astrophys. J. 381 210 (1991)
  163. Manning R A, Jeffries R D, Willmore A P Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 278 577 (1996)
  164. Brisken W F et al. Astron. J. 126 3090 (2003)
  165. Ikhsanov N R Astron. Astrophys. 399 1147 (2003)
  166. Popov S B et al. Astrophys. J. 530 896 (2000)
  167. Lipunov V M, Popov S B Astron. Zhurn. 72 711 (1995)
  168. Lipunov V M Astrofizika Neitronnykh Zvezd (M.: Nauka, 1987)
  169. Popov S B et al. Astrophys. J. 544 L53 (2000)
  170. Popov S B et al. Astron. Astrophys. 406 111 (2003)
  171. Popov S B et al. Astrophys. Space Sci. 299 117 (2005)
  172. Prokhorov M E, Popov S B v Sb. Fizika Kosmosa: Trudy 31-i Mezhdunar. Studencheskoi Nauchnoi Konf., Ekaterinburg, 2002 (Pod red. P E Zakharovoi) (Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Ural’skogo gos. un-ta, 2002) p. 80
  173. Popov S et al. Astron. Astrophys. 448 327 (2006)
  174. Popov S B, Grigorian H, Blaschke D Phys. Rev. C 74 025803 (2006)
  175. Popov S B et al. In Quarks-2006 (Eds V Rubakov et al., 2007), in press
  176. Posselt B, Popov S B et al., in preparation
  177. Popov S B, Treves A, Turolla R In 4th AGILE Workshop (Eds M Tavani, A Pellizzoni, S Vercellone) (Roma: Aracne Editrice, 2004) p. 183
  178. Tolstoy E In The Scientific Requirements For Extremely Large Telescopes: Proc. Of The 232nd IAU Symp. (Eds P A Whitelock, M Dennefeld, B Leidundgeit) (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006) p. 293 astro-ph/0604065; Tolstoy E astro-ph/0604065
  179. Zhang F et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 350 710 (2004)
  180. Marigo P astroph/0701536
  181. Leitherer C In The Evolution Of Starbursts (AIP Conf. Proc., Vol. 783, Eds S Hüttemeister et al.) (Melville, NY: AIP, 2005) p. 280; Leitherer C astro-ph/0409407
  182. Bruzual G astro-ph/0701907
  183. Maeder A, Meynet G Astron. Astrophys. 361 159 (2000)
  184. Meynet G, Maeder A Astron. Astrophys. 429 581 (2005)
  185. Vazquez G A et al. Astrophys. J. astro-ph/0703699, in press; Vazquez G A et al. astro-ph/0703699
  186. Mas-Hesse J M, Cerviño M In Wolf — Rayet Phenomena In Massive Stars And Starburst Galaxies: Proc. Of The 193rd IAU Symp. (Eds K A van der Hucht, G Koenigsberger, P R J Eenens) (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 1999) p. 550; Zhang F et al. Astron. Astrophys. 415 117 (2004)
  187. Zhang F et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 357 1088 (2005)
  188. Zhang F, Li L, Han Z Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 364 503 (2005)
  189. De Donder E, Vanbeveren D New Astron. Rev. 48 861 (2004)
  190. Negueruela I In Active OB-Stars: Laboratories For Stellar And Circumstellar Physics (ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 361, Eds S Štefl, S P Owocki, A T Okazaki) (San Francisco, Calif.: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, 2007) astro-ph/0601347; Negueruela I astro-ph/0601347
  191. Leitherer C In The Spectral Energy Distributions Of Gas-Rich Galaxies: Confronting Models With Data (AIP Conf. Proc., Vol. 761, Eds C C Popescu, R J Tuffs) (Melville, NY: AIP, 2005) p. 39 astro-ph/0411345; Leitherer C astro-ph/0411345
  192. Fritze-v.Alvensleben U, Bicker J Astron. Astrophys. 454 67 (2006)
  193. Bell E F, de Jong R S Astrophys. J. 550 212 (2001)
  194. Madau P, Ghisellini G, Fabian A C Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 270 L17 (1994)
  195. Pompilio F, La Franca F, Matt G Astron. Astrophys. 353 440 (2000)
  196. Antonucci R Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 31 473 (1993)
  197. Gilli R, Salvati M, Hasinger G Astron. Astrophys. 366 407 (2001)
  198. Gandhi P, Fabian A C Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 339 1095 (2003)
  199. Halevin A V astro-ph/0309176
  200. Ueda Y et al. Astrophys. J. 598 886 (2003)
  201. Franceschini A, Braito V, Fadda D Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 335 L51 (2002)
  202. Ballantyne D R et al. Astrophys. J. 653 1070 (2006)

© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions