RSS feeds
РусскийEnglish
Issue 11, 2024
Volume year page
Issues Authors PACS Subscription For authors

Issues

 / 

1992

 / 

October

←  →

Methodological notes


Conceptual problems in quantum mechanics

,

This review is devoted to a discussion of the interpretation of quantum mechanics. The heuristic role and limitations of the principle of observability and of operationalism are discussed. It is shown that the probabilistic approach to quantum mechanics is essential as a way of reconciling the conflicting concepts of particle and wave. The reason why the reduction of the wave packet is not a physical process, but a logical act is explained. The discussion of the paradoxes of quantum mechanics covers many well known examples and includes the Aharonov--Bohm effect and interference between two independent laser beams. It is suggested that the causality principle does not reduce to determinism, but has certain other manifestations too. This is illustrated by the fact that Newtonian mechanics was at one time considered as abstract and impenetrable, in contrast to the ``natural'', but eventually fruitless mechanics of Descartes. It is shown that a classical foundation cannot be provided for quantum mechanics, i.e., it is impossible to introduce hidden variables into quantum mechanics. Mathematical manipulation is reduced to the essential minimum, and many examples are provided to illustrate the discussion. Outstanding contributors to physics are extensively quoted. The review is intended for readers with higher education in both the natural sciences and the humanities, who are interested in conceptual problems in modern science.

Fulltext pdf (2 MB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.1070/PU1992v035n10ABEH002271
PACS: 03.65.Ta, 03.65.Fd, 03.65.Ge, 03.65.Ud (all)
DOI: 10.1070/PU1992v035n10ABEH002271
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/1992/10/c/
Citation: Demutskii V P, Polovin R V "Conceptual problems in quantum mechanics" Sov. Phys. Usp. 35 (10) 857–896 (1992)
BibTexBibNote ® (generic)BibNote ® (RIS)MedlineRefWorks

Оригинал: Демуцкий В П, Половин Р В «Концептуальные вопросы квантовой механики» УФН 162 (10) 93–180 (1992); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0162.199210c.0093

References (133) ↓ Cited by (1) Similar articles (20)

  1. Einshtein A., Infel’d L. Evolyutsiya Fiziki (M.: Fizmatlit, 1965); 1a. Tsit. po knige, Nil’s Bor i Razvitie Fiziki (M.:IL, 1958) p. 318
  2. Feinman R., Leiton R., Sends M. Feinmanovskie Lektsii Po Fizike (M.: Mir, 1967)
  3. Geizenberg V. "Smysl i znachenie krasoty v tochnykh naukakh" Voprosy Filosofii (12) (1979)
  4. Lenin V.I. O Znachenii Voinstvuyushchego Materializma (M.: Politizdat, 1981)
  5. Makh E. Poznanie i Zabluzhdenie (M.: Izd. Skirmunta, 1909)
  6. Gasse T Mathematik Fur Metallearbaitende Bofüre Vol. 1 (Leipzig: Fachbuchverlag, 1956) p. 62
  7. Dewitt B.S., Graham R.N. "Resource letter IQM@1 on the interpretation of quantum mechanics" Am. J. Phys. 39 (7) 724-738 (1971)
  8. Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov B.A. Laplas (M.: Nauka, 1985)
  9. Tsit. po knige, Lenin V.I. Materializm i Empiriokrititsizm (M.: Politizdat, 1969)
  10. Bor N. Izbrannye Nauchnye Trudy Vol. 2 (M.: Nauka, 1971)
  11. Fok V.A. "Ob interpretatsii kvantovoi mekhaniki" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 62 (4) 461-474 (1957)
  12. Gribanov D.P. "Filosofskie vzglyady Al’berta Einshteina" Voprosy Filosofii (2) 15-27 (1979)
  13. Makh E. Printsip Sokhraneniya Raboty. Istoriya i Koren’ Ego (SPb., 1909)
  14. Laitko X., Khoffman D. "Ernst Makh: K 150@letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya" Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya Tekhniki (4) 45-47 (1988); 14a., Fok V.A. Nachala Kvantovoi Mekhaniki (M.: Nauka, 1976)
  15. Einshtein A. Sobranie Nauchnykh Trudov Vol. 3 (M.: Nauka, 1966); Einshtein A. Sobranie Nauchnykh Trudov Vol. 4 (M.: Nauka, 1967)
  16. Tsit. monografii, Gribanov D.P. Filosofskie Vzglyady Einshteina i Razvitie Teorii Otnositel’nosti (M.: Nauka, 1987)
  17. Migdal A.B. Kvantovaya Fizika dlya Bol’shikh i Malen’kikh (M.: Nauka, 1989)
  18. Tsit. po knige, Makh E. Poznanie i Zabluzhdenie (M.: Izd. Skirmunta, 1909) p. 242
  19. Geizenberg V. "Razvitie ponyatii v fizike XX stoletiya" Voprosy Filosofii (1) 79-88 (1975)
  20. Tsit. po rabote, Rumer Yu.B. "Vozniknovenie matrichnoi mekhaniki" 50 Let Kvantovoi Mekhaniki (M.: Nauka, 1979) p. 18
  21. Sadberi A. Kvantovaya Mekhanika i Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits (M.: Mir, 1989); 21a., Brillyuen L. "Termodinamika, statistika i informatsiya" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 77 (2) 3-21 (1962)
  22. Rumer Yu.B. "Vozniknovenie matrichnoi mekhaniki" 50 Let Kvantovoi Mekhaniki (M.: Nauka, 1979) p. 3-21
  23. Markov M.A. Razmyshleniya o Fizike] (M.: Nauka, 1988); 23a., Vizgin Vl.P. "Rol’ idei E. Makha v genezise obshchei teorii otnositel’nosti" Einshteinovskii Sbornik, 1986—1990 (M.: Nauka, 1990) p. 49-57
  24. Gernek F. "K pis’mu Al’berta Einshteina Ernstu Makhu" Voprosy Filosofii (6) 104-108 (1960)
  25. Bridgman P W The Logic Of Modern Physics (New York, 1958)
  26. Barthel R "Some comments on the nature of physical theory and their theoretical and pedagogical implications" Am. J. Phys. 24 (4) 268-272 (1956)
  27. Khill T.I. Sovremennye Teorii Poznaniya (M.: Progress, 1965), Gl. IV
  28. Clemence G M "Astronomical time" Rev. Mod. Phys. 29 (1) 2-8 (1957)
  29. Mandel’shtam L.I. Polnoe Sobranie Trudov Vol. 5 (M.; L.: Izd@vo AN SSSR, 1950)
  30. Feinman R. Kharakter Fizicheskikh Zakonov (M.: Fizmatlit, 1987)
  31. Tisza L "The conceptual structure of physics" Rev. Mod. Phys. 35 (1) 151-185 (1963)
  32. Tsit. po stat’e, Tisza L Rev. Mod. Phys. 35 151 (1963)
  33. Landau L. D., Lifshits E.M. Gidrodinamika (M.: Fizmatlit, 1986)
  34. DeBroil’ L. Revolyutsiya v Fizike (Novaya Fizika i Kvanty) (M.: Atomizdat, 1965)
  35. Landau L.D., Lifshits E.M. Teoriya Polya (M.: Fizmatlit, 1967)
  36. Born M. "Sostoyanie idei v fizike i perspektivy ikh dal’neishego razvitiya" Voprosy Prichinnosti v Kvantovoi Mekhanike (M.: IL, 1955) p. 103-121
  37. Loinger A "Comments on a recent paper concerning the quantum theory of measurement" Nucl. Phys. A 108 (2) 245-249 (1968)
  38. Eto vyskazyvanie Einshteina tsitiruetsya po, Migdal A.B. Kvantovaya Fizika dlya Bol’shikh i Malen’kikh (M.: Nauka, 1989) p. 24
  39. Dodonov B.V., Man’ko V.I. "Obobshchenie sootnoshenii neopredelennostei v kvantovoi mekhanike" Tr. FIAN 183 5-70 (1987)
  40. Pauli V. Obshchie Printsipy Volnovoi Mekhaniki (M.; L.: Gostekhizdat, 1947)
  41. Geizenberg V. Fizicheskie Printsipy Kvantovoi Teorii (L.; M.: GTTI, 1932)
  42. Tsit. po knige, Kittel’ Ch. Vvedenie v Fiziku Tverdogo Tela (M.: Fizmatlit, 1978)
  43. Landau L. D., Lifshits E.Mz Kvantovaya Mekhanika. Nerelyativistskaya Teoriya (M.: Fizmatgiz, 1974)
  44. Fok V.A. "Kritika vzglyadov Bora na kvantovuyu mekhaniku" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 45 (1) 3-14 (1951); 44a., Feshbach H., Weisskopf V. "Ask a foolish question..." Phys. Today 41 (10) 9-11 (1988)
  45. GGinzburg V.L. "Nekotorye voprosy teorii izlucheniya pri sverkhsvetovom dvizhenii v srede" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 69 (4) 537-564 (1959); Ginzburg V L Sov. Phys. Usp. 2 874 (1959)
  46. Tsytovich V.N. Nelineinye Effekty v Plazme (M.: Nauka, 1962)
  47. Polovin R.V. Prikladnaya Teoriya Sluchainykh Protsessov (Khar’kov: Vyshcha shkola (KhGU), 1982)
  48. Wittaker E T "Aristotle, Newton, Einstein" Philos. Mag. 34 (231) 266-280 (1943)
  49. De Broil’ L. "Ostanetsya li kvantovaya mekhanika indeterministicheskoi?" Voprosy Prichinnosti v Kvantovoi Mekhanike (M.: IL, 1955) p. 11-33
  50. Blokhiniev D.I. Printsipial’nye Voprosy Kvantovoi Mekhaniki (M.: Fizmatlit, 1966)
  51. Geizenberg V. Filosofskie Problemy Atomnoi Fiziki (M.: IL, 1953)
  52. Zaslavskii G.M., Sagdeev R.Z. Vvedenie v Nelineinuyu Fiziku (M.: Fizmatlit, 1988)
  53. terHaar D "Theory and applications of the density matrix" Rep. Prog. Phys. 24 304-357 (1961)
  54. Daneri A., Loinger A., Prosperi G.M. "Quantum theory of measurement and ergodicity conditions" Nucl. Phys. 33 297-319 (1962)
  55. Jauch J M "The problem of measurement in quantum mechanics" Helv. Phys. Acta 37 293-316 (1964)
  56. Jauch J.M., Wigner E.P., Yanase M.M. "Some comments concerning measurement in quantum mechanics" Nuovo Cimento 48 (1) 144-151 (1967)
  57. Geizenberg V. "Razvitie interpretatsii kvantovoi teorii" Nil’s Bor i Razvitie Fizikis (M.:IL, 1958) p. 23-45; 57a., Geizenberg V. Fizika i Filosofiya. Chast’ i Tseloe (M.: Fizmatlit, 1989)
  58. Krichevskii I.R. Ponyatiya i Osnovy Termodinamiki (M.: Khimiya, 1970)
  59. Gardner C.S., Greene J.M., Kruskal M.D., Miura R.M. "Method for solving the Korteweg - deVries equation" Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 1095-1097 (1967)
  60. Lyuboishts V.L., Podgoretskii M.I. "Interfentsiya tozhdestvennykh chastits" Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 55 (3(9)) 904-915 (1968)
  61. Dirak P.A.M. Printsipy Kvantovoi Mekhaniki (M.: Fizmatlit, 1960)
  62. Sciamanda R J "Dirac and photon interference" Am. J. Phys. 37 (11-1130) 1128 (1970)
  63. Kukanova E.E. "Kontseptsiya fotona i sovremennye eksperimenty po intersrerentsii sveta" Istoriya i Metodologiya Estestvennykh Nauk. 1978. Vyp. XIX. Fizika (1978) p. 116-122
  64. Spasskii B.I., Moskovskii L.V. "O nelokal’nosti v kvantovoi fizike" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 142 (4) 599-617 (1984); Spasskii B I, Moskovskii A V Sov. Phys. Usp. 27 273 (1984)
  65. Akhiezer A.I., Polovin R.V. "Pochemu nevozmozhno vvesti v kvantovuyu mekhaniku skrytye parametry" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 107 (2) 463-487 (1972); Akhiezer A I, Polovin R V Sov. Phys. Usp. 15 500 (1972)
  66. Grib A.A. "Neravenstva Bella i eksperimental’naya proverka kvantovykh korrelyatsii na makroskopicheskikh rasstoyaniyakh" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 142 (4) 619-634 (1984); Grib A A Sov. Phys. Usp. 27 284 (1984)
  67. Klyshko D.N. "Prostoi metod prigotovleniya chistykh sostoyanii opticheskogo polya, realizatsiya eksperimenta Einshteina, Podol’skogo, Rozena i demonstratsii printsipa dopolnitel’nosti" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 154 (1) 133-152 (1988); Klyshko D N Sov. Phys. Usp. 31 74 (1988)
  68. Molchanov Yu.B. "Paradoks Einshteina - Podol’skogo - Rozena i printsip prichinnosti" Voprosy Filosofii (3) 30-39 (1983); 68a, Aharonov Y., Bohm D. "Significance of electromagnetic potentials in the quantum theory" Phys. Rev. 115 (3) 485-491 (1959); 68b, Feinberg E.L. "Ob "osoboi roli" elektromagnitnykh potentsialov v kvantovoi mekhanike" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 78 (1) 53-64 (1962); Femberg E L Sov. Phys. Usp. 5 753 (1963)
  69. Bunge M. Prichinnost’ (M.: IL, 1962)
  70. Maksimov A.A. "Marksistskii filosofskii materializm i sovremennaya fizika" Voprosy Filosofii (3) 105-124 (1948)
  71. L’otstsi M. Istoriya Fiziki (M.: Mir, 1970)
  72. Legget A.Dzh. "Shredingerovskaya koshka i ee laboratornye sorodichi" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 148 (4) 671-688 (1984)
  73. Laplas P. Opyt Filosofii Teorii Veroyatnostei (M.: Tipolitogr. t-vo "I.N. Kushnerev i Ko, 1908) p. 10-11
  74. Engel’s F. Dialektika Prirody (M.: Gospolitizdat, 1950)
  75. Tsit. po knige, Maksvell D.K. Stat’i i Rechi (M.: Nauka, 1968)
  76. Bogolyubov N.N., Shirkov D.V. Vvedenie v Teoriyu Kvantovannykh Polei (M.: Fizmatlit, 1984); 76a., de Beauregard O C "Lorentz and CPT invariances and Einstein - Podolsky - Rosen correlations" Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 (12) 867-869 (1983)
  77. Akhiezer A.I. "Filosofskie idei V.I. Lenina i evolyutsiya fizicheskoi kartiny mira" Voprosy Filosofii (6) 37-47 (1970)
  78. Franck P "Why do scientists and philosophers so often disagree about the merits of a new theory" Rev. Mod. Phys. 13 (3) 171-175 (1941)
  79. Shapiro I.S. "Kvantovaya teoriya bez printsipa superpozitsii" Yad. Fiz. 16 (6) 1318-1328 (1972)
  80. Fok V.A. "Protiv nevezhestvennoi kritiki sovremennykh fizicheskikh teorii// Voprosy filosofii" Voprosy Filosofii (1) 168-174 (1953)
  81. Maksimov A. A. "Diskussiya o prirode fizicheskogo znaniya" Voprosy Filosofii (3) 222-228 (1948)
  82. Storchak L.I. "Za materialisticheskoe osveshchenie osnov kvantovoi mekhaniki" Voprosy Filosofii (3) 202-205 (1951)
  83. Tsit. po rabote, Franck P "Why do scientists and philosophers so often disagree about the merits of a new theory" Rev. Mod. Phys. 13 (3) 171 (1941)
  84. Lenin V.I. Materializm i Empiriokrititsizm (M.: Politizdat, 1969)
  85. Suvorov S.G. "Einshtein: stanovlenie teorii otnositel’nosti i nekotorye gnoseologicheskie uroki" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 128 (3) 459-501 (1979); Suvorov S G Sov. Phys. Usp. 22 528 (1979); 85a., Geizenberg V. "Razvitie kvantovoi mekhaniki" Sovremennaya Kvantovaya Mekhanika (L.: M.: Gostekhizdat, 1934) p. 11-36
  86. Bunge M "Survey of the interpretations of quantum mechanics" Am. J. Phys. 24 (4) 272-286 (1956)
  87. Bol’shaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya 3-e izd.
  88. Ballentine L E "The statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics" Rev. Mod. Phys. 42 (4) 358-381 (1970)
  89. Einshtein A. "Vliyanie Maksvella na razvitie predstavlenii o fizicheskoi real’nosti" Maksvell D.K. Stat’i i Rechi (M.: Nauka, 1968)
  90. Lenin V.I. Sobr. Soch. Vol. 18 5-e izd.
  91. Lenin V.I. Sobr. Soch. Vol. 29 5-e izd.
  92. Polovin R.V. "Fizika i mirovozzrenie" Filosofskie Problemy Estestvoznaniya. Vyp. 60 (Kiev: Izd-vo KGU, 1986) p. 62-73
  93. Asmus V.F. "Dekart" BSE Vol. 8 (1972) p. 44-45
  94. Moiseev N.D. Ocherki Razvitiya Mekhaniki (M.: Izd-vo MGU, 1961)
  95. Asmus V.F. Dekart (M.: Politizdat, 1956)
  96. Treder G.Yu. Evolyutsiya Osnovnykh Fizicheskikh Idei (Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1988)
  97. Bom D. "O vozmozhnosti interpretatsii kvantovoi teorii na osnove predstavleniya o "skrytykh" parametrakh" Voprosy Prichinnosti v Kvantovoi Mekhanike (M.: IL, 1955) p. 34-94
  98. Fon Neiman I. Matematicheskie Osnovy Kvantovoi Mekhaniki (M.: Nauka, 1964)
  99. Bell J S "On the problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics" Rev. Mod. Phys. 38 (3) 447 (1966)
  100. Kochen S., Speaker E.P. "The problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics" J. Math. Mech. 16 (1) 59-87 (1967)
  101. Turner J E "Violation of the quantum ordering of propositions in hidden-variable theories" J. Math. Phys. 9 (9) 1411-1415 (1968)
  102. Kholevo A.S. Veroyatnostnye i Statisticheskie Aspekty Kvantovoi Teorii (M.: Nauka, 1980), gl. 1
  103. Nelson E Quantum Fluctuations (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1985)
  104. Weizel W "Ableitung der Quantentheorie aus einem klassischen, kausal determinierten Modell" Z. Phys. 134 264-265 (1953)
  105. Adirovich E.I., Podgoretskii M.I. "O vzaimodeistvii mikrosistem s nulevymi kolebaniyami elektromagnitnogo polya" Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 26 (2) 150-152 (1954)
  106. Tyapkin A. A. "K razvitiyu statisticheskoi interpretatsii kvantovoi mekhaniki na osnove sovmestnogo koordinatno-impul’snogo predstavleniya" Filosofskie Voprosy Kvantovoi Fiziki (M.: Nauka, 1970) p. 139-180
  107. Kershaw D "Theory of hidden variables" Phys. Rev. 136 B1850-B1856 (1964)
  108. Geilikman B.T. "O korpuskulyarno-volnovoi analogii v kvantovoi mekhanike" Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 17 (9) 830-832 (1947)
  109. Aron J C "Quantum laws in connection with stochastic processes" Prog. Theor. Phys. 33 (4) 726-754 (1965)
  110. Bohm D.,Hiley B.J. "Non-locality and locality in the stochastic interpretations of quantum mechanics" Phys. Rep. 172 (3) 93-122 (1989)
  111. Wiener N., Siegel A. "The differential@space theory of quantum systems" Nuovo Cimento Suppl. 2 (4) 982-1003 (1955)
  112. Wigner E "On the quantum correlation for thermodynamic equilibrium" Phys. Rev. 40 (5) 749-759 (1932)
  113. Blokhintsev D., Nemirovskii P. "Svyaz’ kvantovogo ansamblya s klassicheskim ansamblem Gibbsa. II" Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 10 (11) 1263-1266 (1940)
  114. Dishkant G.P. "K voprosu o nezakonnosti odnoi statisticheskoi traktovki kvantovoi mekhaniki" Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 28 (1) 117 (1955)
  115. Stratonovich R.L. "O raspredeleniyakh v izobrazhayushchem prostranstve" Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 31 (6) 1012-1020 (1956)
  116. Stratonovich R.L. "K statisticheskoi interpretatsii kvantovoi teorii" Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32 (6) 1483-1495 (1957)
  117. Ryazanov G.V. "Kvantovomekhanicheskie veroyatnosti kak summy po putyam" Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 35 (1) 121-131 (1958)
  118. Blokhintsev D I "The Gibbs quantum ensemble and its connection with the classical ensemble" J. Phys. USSR 2 (1) 71-74 (1940)
  119. Takabayashi T "The formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of ensemble in phase space" Prog. Theor. Phys. 11 (4-5) 341-373 (1954)
  120. Baker G A "Formulation of quantum mechanics based on the quasi-probability distribution induced on phase space" Phys. Rev. 109 (6) 2198-2206 (1958)
  121. Margenau H., Hill R.N. "Correlation between measurements in quantum theory" Prog. Theor. Phys. 26 (5) 722-738 (1961)
  122. Klimontovich Yu.L. Silin V.P. "O spektrakh sistem vzaimodeistvuyushchikh chastits i kollektivnykh poteryakh pri prokhozhdenii zaryazhennykh chastits cherez veshchestvo" Usp. Fiz. Nauk 70 (2) 247-286 (1960); Klimontovich Yu L, Silin V P Sov. Phys. Usp. 3 84 (1960)
  123. Groenewold H J "The elusive quantal individual" Phys. Rep. 127 (6) 379-401 (1985)
  124. Mückenheim W "A review of extended probabilities" Phys. Rep. 133 (6) 337-401 (1986)
  125. Gil’bert D., Akkerman A. Osnovy Teoreticheskoi Logiki (M.: IL, 1947), gl. 1
  126. Novikov P.S. Elementy Matematicheskoi Logiki (M.: Fizmatgiz, 1959), gl. 1
  127. Birkhgof G. Teoriya Struktur (M.: IL, 1952)
  128. Varadarajan V S "Probability in physics and a theorem on similtanons observability" Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 15 (2) 189-217 (1962)
  129. Piron C "Axiomatique quantique" Helv. Phys. Acta 37 (4-5) 439-468 (1964)
  130. Tsit. po rabote, Bor N. Izbrannye Nauchnye Trudy Vol. 2 (M.: Nauka, 1971) p. 541
  131. Landau L.D., Lifishts E.M. Statisticheskaya Fizika (M.: Nauka, 1964)
  132. Shilov E.G. Matematicheskii Analiz. Konechnomernye Lineinye Prostranstva (M.: Nauka, 1969)
  133. Shiff L. Kvantovaya Mekhanika (M.: IL, 1959)
© 1918–2024 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
Email: ufn@ufn.ru Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions