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1991

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May

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From the history of physics


The H-bomb: Who really gave away the secret?

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Fulltext pdf (382 KB)
Fulltext is also available at DOI: 10.1070/PU1991v034n05ABEH002379
PACS: 01.65.+g, 01.30.Cc, 28.70.+y (all)
DOI: 10.1070/PU1991v034n05ABEH002379
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/1991/5/r/
Citation: Hirsch D, Mathews W G "The H-bomb: Who really gave away the secret?" Sov. Phys. Usp. 34 (5) 437–443 (1991)
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Оригинал: Хирш Д, Мэтьюз У «Водородная бомба: Кто же выдал ее секрет?» УФН 161 (5) 153–169 (1991); DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0161.199105r.0153

A.D. Sakharov is author of Physics-Uspekhi

References (39) ↓ Cited by (5) Similar articles (20)

  1. Teller E et al. Report of Conference on the Super LA*575 (Los Alamos Scientific laboratory, 1950)
  2. Teller E Better A Shield Than A Sword (New York: Free Press, 1987) p. 75
  3. Interview with Hans Bethe (1987), February 10
  4. Bethe H "Memorandum on the History of the Thermonuclear Program," May 28, 1952, Department of Energy Archives; obtained pursuant to an FOIA request by the authors, May 30, 1984, and appeal Aug. 30, 1984
  5. Oppenheimer J.R. "The Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer" Transcript Of Hearing Before Personnel Security Board Of The AEC (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954) p. 248
  6. "Comments on the History of the H-bomb" Los Alamos Science (1982) p. 43, Fall; Broad W "Rewriting the History of the H-bomb" Science 218 769 (1982), November 19
  7. AEC Thermonuclear Weapons Program Chronology (Department of Energy Archives) p. 13
  8. Ulam S.M. Adventures Of A Mathematician (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976) p. 218
  9. V svoem memorandume 1952 g. Khans Bete otmechaet, chto eti otsenki Fermi i Ulama ne nosili vpolne "reshayushchego" kharaktera i chto okonchatel’noe suzhdenie o nevozmozhnosti dostizheniya nuzhnogo rezhima rasprostraneniya reaktsii po neszhatomu, zhidkomu deiteriyu bylo polucheno lish’ s uchetom vsekh vazhnykh protsessov — pri dal’neishikh komp’yuternykh raschetakh. Avtoram dannoi stat’i fakticheski izvestno, chto detal’nye komp’yuternye raschety, vypolnennye spustya mnogie gody, pokazali, chto takoe samopodderzhivayushcheesya rasprostranenie termoyadernoi reaktsii po zhidkomu deiteriyu poluchaetsya "na predele vozmozhnostei", odnako reshenie zadachi initsiirovaniya termoyadernoi reaktsii v zhidkom deiterii bylo by nerazreshimo.
  10. Teller E. The Legacy Of Hiroshima (New York: Doubleday, 1962) p. 47-48
  11. Cover letter to 1952 Bethe memorandum, Department of Energy Archives. Pis’mo bylo polucheno Devidom Rozenbergom
  12. Interview with Hans Bethe (1989), January 5
  13. Interview with Richard Garwin (1989), January 22
  14. Bethe H. Los Alamos Science 47 (1982); a., Artur Eddington — klassik astrofizicheskogo termoyada — pisal v svoikh trudakh, naprimer v knige "Novye puti v nauke" 1934 g., chto initsiirovanie termoyadernykh reaktsii (on uzhe preduprezhdal o vozmozhnosti sozdaniya oruzhiya na etoi osnove) ochen’ chuvstvitel’no k stepeni szhatiya termoyadernogo topliva. Nemetskie teoretiki Buzemann, Bekhert i Guderlei v 1940—1942 gg. sozdali analiticheskie teorii szhatiya sploshnoi sredy, tut zhe primenennye eksperimentatorom Trinksom (Berlin, 1942—1943 gg.) dlya szhatiya deiteriya s tsel’yu naiti puti sozdaniya vodorodnoi bomby (Irving D. Virusnyi fligel’. M.: Mir, 1969). (Primech. per.)
  15. Teller E. "Scientists and National Defense: An Open letter to Hans Bethe" Policy Review (1987) p. 20, Winter
  16. Bethe interview (1989), January 5
  17. Khans Bete utverzhdaet (sm. [16]), chto eshche ranee u "Ulama byla ideya primeneniya vtorichnogo szhatiya, sostoyavshaya v tom, chto snachala initsiiruetsya obychnaya atomnaya bomba, vzryv kotoroi ispol’zuetsya dlya szhatiya delyashchegosya materiala vtorogo yadernogo ustroistva, t.e. dlya polucheniya dvukhstadiinogo yadernogo vzryva (delyashchegosya topliva)".
  18. Teller E., Ulam S.M. "On Heterocatalytic Detonations I" Los Alamos Report LAMS-1225, March 9, 1951 (1951), Vnimanie avtorov k etomu otchetu bylo privlecheno Tomasom Kokrenom i Robertom S. Norrieom
  19. Jastrow R. "Why Strategic Superiority Matters" Commentary 75 27 (1983), March
  20. Official Declassifieation Action of the Department of Energy implemented in September 1980 by Duane C. Sewell, Assistant Secretary of Energy for Defense Programs; tsit. po, Hansen Ch. U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History (New York: Crown, 1988) p. 29
  21. Bethe interviews, February 10, 1987 and January 5 and 27, 1989; Garwin interview (1989), January 22; a. Vtoroe rozhdenie idei superszhatiya dlya kontroliruemogo inertsial’nogo termoyada bylo ne menee, esli ne bolee, dramaticheskim: pochti 12 let ideya cuperplotnosti istochnika mikrovzryva ostavalas’ udelom vsego lish’ dyuzhiny spetsialistov. Sm., Nakkolls Dzh. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 113 467 (1984), i ssylki tam zhe. (Primech. per.)
  22. Bethe interview (1987), February 10
  23. Bush V. "In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer" Transcript Of Hearing Before Personnel Security Board Of AEC, U.S. (Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office, 1954) p. 563
  24. Oppenheimer J.R. "In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer" Transcript Of Hearing Before Personnel Security Board Of AEC, U.S. (Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office, 1954) p. 248
  25. Bush V. "In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer" Transcript Of Hearing Before Personnel Security Board Of AEC, U.S. (Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office, 1954) p. 564
  26. Bethe H. Los Alamos Science
  27. York H. The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller And The Superbomb (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1976) p. 100
  28. Bethe interviews (1987, 1989), February 10, 1987; January 5 and 27, 1989.
  29. Garwin interview
  30. Bethe interview (1987), February 10
  31. Bethe interview (1989), January 27
  32. Ghiorso A et al. Phys. Rev. 99 1048 (1955)
  33. Cameron A.G. Can. J. Phys. 37 322 (1959); Sm. takzhe, Dorn D.W. Phys. Rev. 126 693 (1962); V otkrytoi publikatsii sotrudnika Los-Alamosckoi Laboratorii Dzhordzha Balla, Bell G. "Nucleosynthesis in Stars and Bombs" Rev. Mod. Phys. 39 59 (1967), ukazyvaetsya intensivnost’ oblucheniya tyazhelykh elementov termoyadernymi neitronami 1025 n/sm2 za vremya ne menee 10-6 s, otkuda, s uchetom izvestnoi kaloriinosti deiteriya i prosteishikh geometricheskikh predpolozhenii o forme zaryada — libo sfera, libo umerenno udlinennyi tsilindr — poluchaem plotnost’ reagiruyushchego deiteriya poryadka 100 g/sm3. (Primech. per.)
  34. Bethe interview (1987), February 10
  35. Bethe interview (1989), January 5
  36. Bethe interview, January 5; a, Avtory obkhodyat molchaniem takoi shiroko izvestnyi i nemalovazhnyi element skhemy vodorodnoi bomby, kak ispol’zovanie "deiterida litiya" v kachestve VV, vmesto chistogo deiteriya, kotoryi imi zdes’ upominaetsya. Eto mozhno istolkovat’ kak molchalivoe priznanie ne svoego prioriteta! (Primech. per.)
  37. Teller E. Better A Shield Than A Sword (New York: Free Press, 1987) p. 113; a. V memuarakh A.D. Sakharova upominaetsya: "V poslednikh chislakh iyunya 1948 goda Igor’ Evgen’evich Tamm s tainstvennym vidom poprosil ostat’sya posle seminara menya i drugogo svoego uchenika, Semena Zakharovicha Belen’kogo... On plotno zakryl dver’ i sdelal oshelomivshee nas soobshchenie. V FIANe po postanovleniyu Soveta Ministrov i TsK KPSS sozdaetsya issledovatel’skaya gruppa. On naznachen rukovoditelem, my oba ee chleny. Zadacha gruppy — teoreticheskie i raschetnye raboty s tsel’yu vyyasneniya vozmozhnosti sozdaniya vodorodnoi bomby. Konkretno — proverka i utochnenie tekh raschetov, kotorye vedutsya v Institute khimicheskoi fiziki v gruppe Zel’dovicha. Seichas ya dumayu, chto osnovnaya ideya razrabatyvavshegosya v gruppe Zel’dovicha proekta byla "tsel’notyanutoi", t.e. osnovannoi na razvedyvatel’noi informatsii. Ya, odnako, nikak ne mogu dokazat’ eto predpolozhenie. Ono prishlo mne v golovu sovsem nedavno, a togda ya ob etom prosto ne zadumyvalsya", Sakharov A. Vospominaniya (N’yu-Iork: Izd-vo im. Chekhova, 1990) p. 129, (Prim. red.)
  38. Bush V. "The Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer" Transcript Of Hearing Before Personnel Security Board Of The AEC (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954) p. 562
  39. Dannaya stat’ya yavlyaetsya neskol’ko sokrashchennym izlozheniem otcheta, kotoryi mozhet byt’ zatrebovan po adresu odnogo iz vtorov - Deniela Khirsha, Committee to Bridge the Gap, 1637 Butler Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90025 (SShA)
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